Bufo boreas

Chivers, D. P., Kiesecker,]. M., Marco, A., Wildy, E. L., and Blaustein, A. R. (1999). Shifts in life history as a response to predation in Western toads (Bufo boreas). Journal of Chemical Ecology 25,2455-2463. 

Hews, D. K. (1988). Alarm response in larval western toads, Bufo boreas release of chemicals by a natural predator and it s effect on predator capture efficiency. AnimalBehaviour. 36,125-133. 

There have been numerous descriptions of behavioral patterns elicited by chemical cues that logically should decrease predation risk (see Sect. 18.4). However, there have been just a few studies actually documenting the benefits of antipredation behaviors in crustaceans elicited by chemical cues and the best studies have been with other taxa. Work with several fish species (Mathis and Smith 1993 Mirza and Chivers 2001, 2003), the toad Bufo boreas (Hews 1988) and the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Persons et al. 2001), has shown increased survival rates by prey that showed antipredation behavioral patterns following detection of chemical cues... 

Bufo boreas tadpoles also can discriminate between their siblings and non-siblings, preferentially associating with their familiar siblings over unfamiliar non-siblings (O Hara and Blaustein, 1982). As in americanus,... 

Tracy, C. R., and Dole, J. W., 1969, Orientation of displaced California toads, Bufo boreas, to their breeding sites, Copeia, 1969 693. 

Hews, D.K. 1988. Alarm response in larval western toads, Bufo boreas release of larval... 

Hews, D.K., A.R. Blaustein. 1985. An investigation of the alarm response in Bufo boreas and Rana cascadae tadpoles. Behav. Neural Biol. 43 47-57. 

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