Buffing

Their approach was to improve the surface finish on the steel basis metal, thus eliminating the need for preplating to smooth the surface. An automatic mush buffing system did this admirably, finishing the surface to a smoothness that allows nickel plating without the need for a copper undercoat. Stainless steel, brass and bronze parts are currently buffed on the same equipment to their final surface finish. 

Unexpected additional benefits include a 30% drop in rejects due to the uniform, consistent surfaces produced, and the elimination of a hand-polishing step that had previously been required. The per-part production cost has remained approximately the same, although the savings in hazardous waste disposal costs has been significant. 

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Case 4 has a high risk of failure (85%) to find any oil, buf if there is oil there then the volume in place might be quite large (up to 400 MMstb). This would class as a high risk, high reward prospect. 

As shown for the aldotetroses an aldose belongs to the d or the l series accord mg to the configuration of the chirality center farthest removed from the aldehyde func tion Individual names such as erythrose and threose specify the particular arrangement of chirality centers within the molecule relative to each other Optical activities cannot be determined directly from the d and l prefixes As if furns ouf bofh d eryfhrose and D fhreose are levorofafory buf d glyceraldehyde is dexfrorofafory... 

The large C-F bond momenf in fluoroefhylene, shown in Figure 4. f 8(g), dominates fhe dipole momenf, which musf lie in fhe molecular plane, buf ifs direction in fhaf plane will depend on fhe effecfs of fhe ofher parts of fhe molecule wifh fhe resulf fhaf if will nof lie exacfly along fhe C-F bond. 

The band cenfre is nof quite midway befween R(0) and P(1) buf ifs wavenumber coq can be obfained from... 

The BQ term alone, wifh B positive, would give a pofenfial resembling fhe harmonic oscillator pofenfial in Figure 6.4 (dashed curve) buf wifh steeper sides. The inclusion of fhe AQ term, wifh A negative, adds an upside-down parabola af 0 = 0 and fhe resulf is a W-shaped pofenfial. The barrier heighf b is given by... 

In fhe case of NH3, fhe potential in Equation (6.93) is rafher more successful in fitting fhe experimenfal dafa buf fhaf in Equation (6.94) has been used for inversion vibrations in ofher molecules. 

Phofoelectron spectroscopy is a simple extension of the photoelectric effect involving the use of higher-energy incident photons and applied to the study not only of solid surfaces but also of samples in the gas phase. Equations (8.1) and (8.2) still apply buf, for gas-phase measuremenfs in particular, fhe work function is usually replaced by fhe ionization energy l so fhaf Equation (8.2) becomes... 

Acronyms abound in phofoelecfron and relafed specfroscopies buf we shall use only XPS, UPS and, in Sections 8.2 and 8.3, AES (Auger elecfron specfroscopy), XRF (X-ray fluorescence) and EXAFS (exfended X-ray absorption fine sfmcfure). In addition, ESCA is worth mentioning, briefly. If sfands for elecfron specfroscopy for chemical analysis in which elecfron specfroscopy refers fo fhe various branches of specfroscopy which involve fhe ejection of an elecfron from an atom or molecule. Flowever, because ESCA was an acronym infroduced by workers in fhe field of XPS if is mosf often used to refer to XPS rather than to electron spectroscopy in general. 

The hemispherical analyser shown in Figure 8.5(d) works on a similar principle buf has fhe advanfage of collecting more phofoelecfrons. An analyser consisting of two concentric plates which are parts of hemispheres, so-called spherical sector plates, is often used in a spectiomefer which operafes for bofh UPS and XPS. 

Figure 9.45(a) shows fhe resulting fluorescence intensify as a function of time. This is dominated by oscillations wifh a period of abouf 300 fs buf shows an amplifude modulation wifh a period of abouf f 0 ps. The 300 fs period is fhaf of a vibration in fhe u = 7 — f 2 range and fhe modulation is due to fwo neighbouring levels having slighfly differenf frequencies due to fhe vibration being anharmonic. 

Charge coupled device (CCD) defectors are being used increasingly in fhe visible and ulfraviolef regions. Af presenf fhese are very expensive buf 1 have anticipated fheir increasing importance by including a brief description in Chapfer 3. 

The case of vibrational numbering in, say, fluorobenzene illustrates the point that we must be flexible when it may be helpful. Many of fhe vibrations of fluorobenzene sfrongly resemble fhose of benzene. In 1934, before fhe Mulliken recommendations of 1955, E. B. Wilson had devised a numbering scheme for fhe 30 vibrations of benzene. This was so well esfablished by 1955 fhaf ifs use has fended to continue ever since. In fluorobenzene fhere is fhe further complication fhaf, alfhough Mulliken s system provides if wifh ifs own numbering scheme, if is useful very often to use fhe same number for a benzene-like vibration as used for benzene ifself - for which fhere is a choice of Mulliken s or Wilson s numbering Clearly, nof all problems of conventions have been solved, and some are nof really soluble, buf we should all fry to make if clear to any reader jusf whaf choice we have made. 

Tripoli. TripoH [1317-95-9] is a fine grained, porous, decomposed siHceous rock produced mainly in Arkansas, Illinois, and Oklahoma. It is widely used for polishing and buffing metals, lacquer finishing, and plated products. Since tripoH particles are rounded, not sharp, it has a mild abrasive action particularly suited for polishing. TripoH is also used in toothpastes, in jewelry polishing, and as filler in paints, plastics, and mbber. Rottenstone and amorphous siHca are similar to tripoH and find the same uses. In 1987 the abrasive use of tripoH in the United States totaled 26.6 million tons and was valued at about 3.1 million however, the portion used as a filler totaled 71.1 million tons and had a value of almost 10 million (4). 

In addition to then use in bonded and coated products, both natural and manufactured abrasive grains are used loose in such operations as polishing, buffing, lapping, pressure blasting, and barrel finishing. AH of these operations are characterized by very low metal removal rates and are used to improve the surface quaUty of the workpiece. 

Buffiag may be only to remove surface blemishes such as iasect bites or minor healed scratches, or the buffing may be to make a suede surface. Newbuck is a light suedeiag of the grain of catde hide leather. Sheepskin suede is usually buffed on the flesh side of the skin. SpHts may be buffed to make buck shoe leather or heavy garment leather, often called ranch hide. The variations depend on the desires of the customer. 

Modem furniture pohshes are designed for a wide variety of surfaces, eg, plastics, metals, and synthetic and natural resin coatings. Furniture pohshes impart shine and provide protection from abrasion, marring, and spills. The formulations clean weU in many cases. In common with most other pohshes, furniture pohshes are characterized by ease and speed of apphcation and of buffing, and by either the absence of objectionable odors or the addition of pleasing ones. 

The exposed metal is buffed to a high luster. Metal polishing is reviewed in Reference 3. 

Formulated metal poHshes consist of fine abrasives similar to those involved in industrial buffing operations, ie, pumice, tripoH, kaolin, rouge and crocus iron oxides, and lime. Other ingredients include surfactants (qv), eg, sodium oleate [143-19-1] or sodium dodecylben2enesulfonate [25155-30-0], chelating agents (qv), eg, citric acid [77-92-9], and solvents, eg, alcohols or aUphatic hydrocarbons. 

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