Buffering characteristics

Figure 4-491. Nonideal buffer characteristics of a 0.10 M carbonate reserve pit fluid [228].

From a manufacturing standpoint, preparation of the double-antibody immune complex can be very labor intensive. For optimal manufacturability and analytical performance of this system, it is important to have a secondary antibody with a moderate to high affinity so that a mixture of immune complexes of appropriate molecular weights is formed. The molecular size and shape of complexes formed depends on a number of parameters, such as temperature, buffer characteristics, ionic strength and the presence of other solution components such as detergents. These conditions must be carefully controlled or else species of very high molecular weight could be formed due to temperature or buffer interactions. Lot-to-lot variability in the primary and secondary antibody raw materials can also affect the solid phase performance if not properly controlled. 

Fig. 5.6 Alkaline buffering of the corneal tissue. There is a considerable deviation of pH development from dilution curve, indicating buffering characteristics of the cornea...

Fig. 5.7 Difference of acidic buffering of corneal tissue from dilution curve in water of the same mass. There is a considerable difference between both curves indicating buffering characteristics...

BURCO MSP-NP LIQUID is a versatile liquid buffer offering similar buffering characteristic to monosodium phosphate under dyehouse and wet processing conditions. BURCO MSP-NP LIQUID is phosphate free. 

Pacifici and Viani, commenting on comparisons among results from different methods applied to protein binding, warn that methods for drug binding need to be standardized. Currently, results depend greatly on technique and interpretation of results thus, experimental details such as anticoagulant used, type of dialysis or filtration membrane, buffer characteristics, duration of experiment, and temperature should be taken into account. 

Chemically, wood extractives may have the greatest influence on bond formation difficulties. They may reduce wettability. They may form a barrier at the interface causing mechanical weakness. Extractives can interfere with desired curing of the adhesive at the interface. This is of great concern if extractives alter the pH and buffer characteristics of the wood and the adhesive is sensitive to pH and buffer. External catalyst systems may be useful to overcome wood buffer problems. 

The driving force for the regeneration is the 30-fold increase in the dissociation of water at the higher temperature. The actual regenerants are the additional protons and hydroxyl ions formed on heating. The vital parameters are the buffering characteristics of the resins, the levels of basicity and acidity of the component resins and the way they change with temperature, the oxidation resistance of the resins (especially the basic resin) and the salinity level. The process is well suited to the partial demineralisation of brackish waters. 

Such a buffering characteristic is strongly dependent on the polymer structure, and is readily achievable in the case of the basic resin where the requirements, summarised in an earlier review (2), include ... 

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