Brouwer’s method

Note that we have rather well defined the defects present for this type of semi-conductor, using relationships defined by Brouwer s method. It... 

Analyses of real crystals using Brouwer s method... 

ANALYSES OF REAL CRYSTALS USING BROUWER S METHOD-COMPARISON TO THE THERMODYNAMIC METHOD... 

Brouwer s method may also be used for compounds containing other intrinsic defects, in which case Eqs. (62)-(68) would be different. It is also an extremely useful method of predicting behavior of materials containing impurities or foreign atoms. The application of the method to this latter case is discussed in Section 3.1.2. 

When using Brouwer s method, the association reactions discussed here also must be considered if they occur to any significant extent. For example, if reaction (97) is important, the additional equation... 

Equations (76) introduce sum relations in addition to the electroneutrality condition. Thus, in order to use Brouwer s approximation method, assumptions must be made for each sum relation, thereby making the treatment of partial equilibrium more complex than that of complete equilibrium. The situation becomes even more complicated if incomplete quenching occurs. More detailed discussions of incomplete equilibrium are given by Kroger and Van Gool. ... 

Impurity reactions such as Eqs. (104), (105), or (106) may be combined with the previously given reactions for the formation and ionization of native defects to compute concentrations of all defects present under various conditions. Brouwer s approximation method is used when necessary. A discussion of all the possibilities which may occur is far beyond the scope of this chapter. However, one simple case will be considered for illustrative purposes. 

Schmalzried shows that Brouwer s graphical method may be used for ternary compounds, by simultaneously solving the following mass action equations ... 

From Eqs. (112)-(114) and Eq. (7), the authors were able to compute the concentration of each defect structon, as well as n and p, as a function of oxygen pressure using Brouwer s approximation method. 

DeVito M, Biegel L, Brouwer A, Brown S, Bmcker-Davis F, Cheek AO, Christensen R, Colbom T, Cooke P, Crissman J, Crofton K, Doerge D, Gray E, Hauser P, Hurley P, Kohn M, Lazar J, McMaster S, McClain M, McConnell E, Meier C, Miller R, Tietge J, Tyl R (1999) Screening methods for thyroid hormone dismptors. Environ Health Perspect 107 407-415... 

Smith, M.S. Oxford, J. Evans, M.B. Improved method for the separation of ranitidine and its metabolites based on supercritical fluid chromatography. J.Chromatogr.A, 1994, 683, 402-406 [SFC] Stiles, M.L. Allen, L.V., Jr. Prince, S. Stability of ranitidine hydrochloride during simulated home care use. Am.J.Hosp.Pharm., 1994, 51, 1706-1707 [stability-indicating ii jections saline 5% dextrose] Suttle, A.B. Brouwer, K.L.R. Bile flow but not enterohepatic recirculation influences the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in the rat. Drug Metab.Dispos., 1994,22, 224-232 [serum bile pharmacokinetics procaine (IS) LOQ 75 ng/mL (serum) LOQ 500 ng/mL (bile)]... 

De Brouwer V, Storozhenko S, Van De Steene JC, VViUe SMR, Stove CP, Van Der Straeten D, et al. Optimisation and validation of a liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry method for folates in rice. J Chromatogr A 2008 1215 125-32. 

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