Brooks, Nathan

Brooks, Nathan. Alexander Butlerov and the Professionalization of Science in Russia." Russian Review 57 (1998) 10-24. 

Brooks, Nathan M. (1989), The Formation of a Community of Chemists in Russia, 1700-1870, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. 

Brooks, Nathan M. (1995), Russian chemistry in the 1850s a failed attempt at institutionalization, Annals of Science 52, 577-589. 

Brooks, Nathan M. received his BA degree in ehemistry and Russian from Grinnell College in 1974. He received his MA (1978) and PhD (1989) degrees from Columbia University, with a dissertation entitled The Formation of a Community of Chemists in Russia, 1700-1870. His research focuses on the history of science and technology in Russia and the Soviet Union. He is an associate professor at New Mexico State University, where he has taught since 1991. 

Acknowledgements—We have worked together on this paper for several years. It in turn represents a coming together of two still older single-authored papers. One or other (or both) of the authors would like to thank each of the following for helpful comments on at least one previous version Michael Akeroyd, Nathan Brookes, Stephen Brush, Fernando Dufour, Carmen Giunta, Robin Hendry, Colin Howson, Peter Lipton, and two anonymous referees of this journal. 

I acknowledge many scholars of the periodic table from diverse fields, including Peter Atkins, Henry Bent, Bernadette Bensaude, Nathan Brooks, Edwin Constable, John Emsley, Michael Gordin, Ray Hefferlin, William Jensen, Herbert Kaesz, Masanori Kaji, Maurice Kibler, Bruce King, Mike Laing, Laurence Lavelle, Guillermo Restrepo, Dennis Rouvray, Oliver Sacks, Eugen Schwarz, Philip Stewart, Mark Winters and many others. 

Submitted by L. A. Brooks and H. R. Snyder. Checked by Nathan L. Drake and W. Mayo Smith. 

Nathan, L. C. A Laboratory Project in Modem Coordination Chemistry. Brookes Cole Monterey, CA, 1981. 

See Kojevnikov, op. cit. note 4 Nathan M. Brooks, Chemistry in War, Revolution, and Uj4ieaval Russia and the Soviet Union, 1900-1929 , Centaurus 39 (1997), 349-367 David L. Hoffmann and Peter Holquist (eds.). Cultivating the Masses The Modem Social State in Russia, 1914—1941 (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 2002) Peter Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution Russia s Continuum of Crisis, 1914-1921 (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 2002). 

Another challenge to coordination common both to the 18th century and 1914-18 was the lack of experience on the part of government, military and civilian. In the Seven Years War, reforms were protracted. But even in the 20th century, problems sometimes took years to work out. This is brought out by Kathryn Steen, in relation to the history of US Ordnance, Patrice Bret on the laboratories of the artillery and the powder administration, and Nathan Brooks on Russia. Britain seems to have suffered less initially from this problem, but the government did have to go outside British industry to secure the American Kenneth B. Quinan from South Africa, to be the arch-designer of their scaled-up plants. 

While this individual accommodation of the rare-earth elements represented an interesting step forward, it did not remove all problems. Mendeleev had always used a web of analogies in determining the positions of the chemical elements, but this methodology could no longer be apphed in the case of the rare earths. As Nathan Brooks observed, the rare-earth elements exposed a serious weakness in Mendeleev s approach to solving the placement of elements in his periodic system. Not surprisingly, Mendeleev remained doubtful as to the new positions of the rare-earth elements. 

NATHAN M. BROOKS, MASANORI KAJI AND ELENA ZAITSEVA... 

Nathan M. Brooks Department of History, MSC 3H New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA... 

Nathan M. Brooks, Masanori Kaji, and Elena Zaitseva, The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society and Its Development until 1914 In European Chemical Societies Comparative Analysis of Demarcation, ed. Anita Kildebaek Nielson and Sofia Strbafiovi (London Royal College of Chemistry, 2008), 281-304. 

See Johannes W. Van Spronsen, The Periodic System of Chemical Elements, A History of the First Hundred Years (Amsterdam, London, New York Elsevier, 1969), 125 and 133. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, Mendeleev s periodic system of chemical elements, British Journal for the History of Science 19 (1986) 3-17. Nathan M. Brooks, Dimitrii L. Mendeleev s Principles of Chemistry and the Periodic Law of the Elements, in Communicating Chemistry Textbooks and Their Audiences, ed. Anders Lundgren and Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent (Canton Science History Publications, 2000), 295-311, and Michael D. Gordin, A Well-Ordered Thing Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table (New York Basic Books, 2004). 

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