Horse, bronze

J. V. Noble, The Forgey of Our Greek Bronze Horse, The MetropoHtan Museum of Art Bulletin, New York, 1968, pp. 253—356. 

The Greek Bronze Horse from the Metropolitan Museum... 

Zimmerman, D. W., M. P. Yuhas, and P. Meyers (1974), Thermoluminescence authenticity measurements on core material from the bronze horse of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Archaeometry 16, 19-30. 

B.C. and the famous Bronze Horse was cast by the lost wax process and not, as had been suggested, by a modern piece-mold sand casting process. In addition. X-ray radiography helped to provide details on the methods of manu-factuer of Sasanian silver and a Chinese bronze vessel. 

Figure IS, (opposite top) Bronze Horse, Hellenistic, Roman ( ),...

The radiographic study eliminated the most important arguments used against the authenticity of the horse. However the fact that the horse was proven to be cast with the lost-wax process did not automatically reestablish its authenticity. Careful visual examinations, elemental analyses, studies on corrosion products, metallurgical investigations, and various other technical studies were necessary to demonstrate that all physical characteristics of the bronze were entirely consistent... 

So we have a production of varied bronze types—ceremonial vessels, mirrors, weapons, belt hooks, horse trappings, etc.— for over 1000 years in ancient China. This is followed by 2000 years of both original production and imitation, leading us up to the present. 

Benecke N, von den Driesch A (2003) Horse exploitation in the Kazakh steppes during the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. In Levine M, Renfrew C et al (eds) Prehistoric steppe adaptation and the horse. Oxbow Books, Cambridge... 

Anthony, D. W. (2007). The Horse, the wheel and language How Bronze-age riders from the Eurasian stepps shaped the modem world. Princeton Princeton University Press. 

O. were probably first distributed as a weed mixture with barley. It was believed to have been first cultivated by ancient Slavonic peoples during the Iron and Bronze Ages. O. are best adapted to cooler, more temperate regions with annual precipitation of more than 700 mm. The inflorescence is a panicle, as in other ->cereals (- rice). O. have only limited winterhardiness in special selected varieties that are grown in moderate winter climates in the Mediterranean countries, such as Greece or Turkey. Often, o. are fed whole to horses and sheep this used to be the most important application of o. before mechanical power moved into agriculture. 

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