Broken Cloud

Because the FPD responds to both aerosol and gaseous sulfur species, it has also been possible to modify these instruments to continuously measure aerosol sulfur by selectively removing gaseous sulfur compounds with a lead(II) oxide-glycerol coated denuder (55). Use of such an instrument for airborne measurements of aerosol sulfur in and around broken clouds has been reported (57). In principle, speciation between aerosol sulfate, disulfate, and sulfuric acid by selective thermal decomposition (58, 59) can also be achieved. Flame photometric detectors have also been used as selective detectors for gas chromatography. Thornton and Bandy (60) reported the use of a chromatographic system with a flame photometric detector for airborne measurement of S02 and OCS with a detection limit of 25 pptrv. 

Clouds The discussion of solar UV variability in proceeding paragraphs has assumed cloud free conditions. However, in most parts of the world this is the exception, usually there are either broken cloud fields or a more or less homogeneous cloud cover. In general, clouds reduce solar radiation, but the amount of reduction is extremely variable due to the variable nature of clouds. For the estimation of the effect of clouds on solar irradiance, the most important par-... 

Los, A., M. van Weele and P. G. Duynkerke (1997) Actinic fluxes in broken cloud fields. 

The domain between the surface boundary layer and the free atmosphere is the planetary boundary layer, or the Ekman layer. Lately, it has been referred to more often as the mixed layer. The top of the mixed layer is often well delineated by a solid or broken cloud cover having a stable free atmosphere above, and below whiehturbulerrt motions are confined. 

Experiments by Schmidli et al. (1990) were focused on the distribution of mass on rupture of a vessel containing a superheated liquid below its superheat-temperature limit. Flasks (50-ml and 100-mI capacity) were partially filled with butane or propane. Typically, when predetermined conditions were reached, the flask was broken with a hammer. Expansion of the unignited cloud was measured by introduction of a smoke curtain and use of a high speed video camera. Large droplets were visible, but a portion of the fuel formed a liquid pool beneath the flask. Figure 6.5 shows that, as superheat was increased, the portion of fuel that... 

We may recall that in the NaCl crystal structure each positive ion is surrounded by six negative ions, while each negative ion is surrounded by six positives as a result the crystal can be broken up into its component ions only if work is done equal to the crystal energy. In a dilute solution wc find a tendency toward a somewhat similar situation each positive ion is surrounded by a cloud of negative charge, while at the same time each negative ion is surrounded by a cloud of positive charge ... 

Flame atomization and excitation can be divided into a number of stages. Firstly, the heat of the flame evaporates solvent from the droplets of sample aerosol leaving a cloud of small particles of the solid compounds originally present in the solution. These are then vaporized and molecular associations broken down releasing free atoms (atomization) some of which... 

We observe that in the alcohol molecule the O—H and C—OH bonds are polarized, the center of gravity of the electron cloud in the former case being displaced towards the 0 atom and in the latter case towards the OH group. Hence, when these bonds are broken by the field of the lattice (dissociation at adsorption, see Sec. III,C), electrically charged formations will arise on the surface, as depicted in the right-hand side of Fig. 17a and, respectively. Fig. 18a. 

Somehow he had known their report would take priority over Sund s medical condition, let alone the mysterious portrait. The APC had pulled to an abrupt halt in a valley road in one of the abandoned quarters of the city and for a moment even the Doctor had feared the prospect of a summary execution. But the account of what they had seen and overheard at the railyard had attracted all the right sort of attention from the vehicle s commander, whereupon he had declared his intention to send for De Schalles, then had his men shepherd the Doctor and Sund down mould-encrusted stone stairs into the best available waiting room a crumbling basement that had once served as a wine cellar. Dust clouded the air and damp oozed from every crack in the walls, broken bottles jutted from the racks and dark glass shards crunched under every step. The rank stench of... 

If a hydrogen is described by an s orbital, the electron cloud in its neighbourhood will have spherical symmetry. Thus the circled hydrogen can be described reasonably well with s-type orbitals in the reagent or in the product. In the transition state, however, this hydrogen is simultaneously bonded to C, and C5 and loses its spherical symmetry. Its electronic density is mostly localized along the CaH and the C5H axes. Such a broken line is impossible to represent with s orbitals, but poses no problem to p orbitals. In conclusion, to describe correctly the transition state of the ene reaction, polarization orbitals are mandatory, at least for the hydrogen to be transferred. 

To maintain cloud stability in fruit juices, high-temperature-short-time (HTST) pasteurization is used to deactivate pectolytic enzymes. Pectin is a protective colloid that helps to keep insoluble particles in suspension. Cloudiness is required in commercial products to provide a desirable appearance. The destruction of the high levels of pectin-esterase during the production of tomato juice and puree is of vital importance. The pectinesterase will act quite rapidly once the tomato is broken. In the so-called hot-break method, the tomatoes are broken up at high temperature so that the pectic enzymes are destroyed instantaneously. 

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