Breast cancer noninvasive

During the 4 years of the trial 61 cases of breast cancer were reported and confirmed. Of these, 30 were in the placebo group (28 invasive) and 31 were in the raloxifene group (24 invasive). This means a 59% reduction in the incidence of invasive breast cancer in the raloxifene group as compared with women receiving placebo (2.1 vs. 5.2 cases per 1000 woman-years HR = 0.41, Cl = 0.24 to 0.71). Only nine intraductal, noninvasive breast cancers were detected, seven in the raloxifene group and two in the placebo group. The treatment with raloxifene reduced the overall incidence of breast cancer by 50%. The results... 

Milne et al. [154] have developed stereotactically guided laser thermotherapy for breast cancer in situ measurements. They determine the temperature field within the breast to highlight potential tumors. A review paper by Tromberg et al. [155] discusses the noninvasive in vivo characterization of breast cancer tumors using photon migration spectroscopy. They compare the use of this technique with straightforward NIR spectroscopy. 

In many analytical applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences it is desirable to probe, noninvasively, the composition of deep layers of samples with high chemical specificity. Examples include the diagnosis of bone disease and breast cancer, as well as the noninvasive probing of pharmaceutical products in quality control applications and drug authentication. 

Fig. 13 (A) Chemical structure of 45 and schematic illustration of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked BSA dot incorporating aggregates of 45 and (B) their SEM image, (C) Confocal image of MCF-7 breast cancer cells after incubation with the dots, (D) In vivo noninvasive fluorescence imaging of H22 tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection of the dots. The white circle marks the tumor site. Reproduced with permission from ref, 85 ( 2013, American Chemical Society), and ref, 86 ( 2011, Wiley-VCH),...

Head, J. F., Wang, F., and Elliott R. L., 1993, Breast Thermography Is a Noninvasive Prognostic Procedure That Predicts Tumor Growth Rate in Breast Cancer Patients, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 698 153-158. 

The advent of new noninvasive Raman spectroscopic techniques promises to have a significant impact on many biomedical, security, and industrial analytical applications. Many new exciting practical applications are already emerging including aviation security and pharmaceutical quality control, and others are under intense development. The latter include the diagnosis of diseases such as osteoporosis, brittle bone disease, breast cancer, and monitoring of glucose levels noninvasively. 

Wilson CBJH, Lammertsma AA, McKenzie CG, Sikora K, Jones T (1992) Measurements of blood flow and exchanging water space in breast tumors using positron emission tomography a rapid and noninvasive dynamic method. Cancer Res 52 1592 1597... 

Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) has been proposed as a target for noninvasive imaging of inflammation and cancer. This is based on the notion that COX is the critical enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. COX-2, a membrane-bound enzyme, has potent inflammatory effects but is also overexpressed in colon, breast, lung, and other cancers. COX-2 overexpression results in decreased apoptosis and increased cell migration and proliferation. 

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