Breakdown probability

Products chilled from 1800 °C show a slight breakdown, probably due to some vapor loss (Fig. 20) the liquid partly separated into a second Cu2S-rich melt and metallic molybdenum. 

In the next chapter (Chapter 2), we estimate the fuse current of a conducting random network or the breakdown field of a randomly metal-loaded dielectric, using the percolation cluster models and their statistics. We also discuss here the breakdown probability distributions of such networks. All these theoretical estimates are compared with the extensive experimental and computer simulation results. 

The size effect can be demonstrated nicely using different size film squares As shown in Fig. 33 a, the breakdown probability for the crazes in a small grid square that is 9 times smaller in area than a larger grid square is much lower at a given... 

Fig, 33a. Breakdown probability pi, versus s for large and small grid squares in a 1,800,000 molecular weight PS. Large film square ( ) = 3.1, = 3.3%. Small film square (A) ... 

Some points have been neglected because of the limitations of space and time. Why is the chloride ion so prevalent in Table I, for example The answer almost certainly lies in its effect upon delaying repassivation as a result of metal ion hydrolysis and the low pH of many metal chlorides. In addition, it promotes the initial breakdown, probably in much the same way. With this and other points completely clear answers and explanations are not yet arrived at. Progress is being made, however, and eventually a good if not perfect, predictive capacity will be achieved over what remains a facinating and irritating phenomenon. 

Since 2 > -f and (tt - Wb — Wg) >0, the above expression always yields a value greater than or equal to zero. It is zero when -0 = 1, or equivalently when the breakdown probability (1 — xj ) is zero. In the following, we... 

In the following, we further specify the relationship between the breakdown probability (1 - and the SPE share of the initiating player. 

Another interesting aspect of the bargaining game is that, the offering party obtains the maximum share when the breakdown probability approaches 1 as described in the following proposition. 

Proposition 6 The SPE share of the initiating player is maximized when the breakdown probability approaches 7 ("(1 — -0) 1), where the share equals to the system surplus tt less the opponents outside option. 

When both the supplier and the buyer are in weak bargaining positions (limited outside options), or when direct trade is expected to be volatile (as characterized by the breakdown probability), intermediated trade will be desirable. Conversely, when either the supplier or the buyer is in a strong bargaining position, or when direct trade is expected to be stable, disintermediation is likely to occur. 

Experience has shown that the value obtained through this method corresponds to a breakdown probability of 10 to 20%. 

Would you assume personal responsibility and respond Surely the bystanders in the Kitty Genovese and Deletha Word incidents described earlier noticed the event and interpreted it as requiring assistance. Steps 1 and 2 of Latan6 and Darley s decision model were likely satisfied. The breakdown probably occurred at Step 3—perceiving personal responsibility. 

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