Break down voltage

Thin-film dielectrics (Ba0 92Ca108)(Ti0 92Zr0 08)O3 for the thin-film capacitors were prepared using Ba, Ca, and Zr ethoxides and Ti isopropoxide in refluxed methoxyethanol solutions as precursors. Films were deposited on a usual platinized Si substrate. Crystalline thin films after heat treatment at 800°C demonstrated dielectric permittivity of 1200, dielectric loss of0.5%, nonlinear coefficient a = 0.92, and break-down voltage of980 V [1595],... 

Break down voltage (BDV) describes the highest voltage that can be applied to a capacitor without destroying the dielectric by a catastrophic breakdown. 

Reduction of Crystallization by Purity Improvement One root cause for crystallization even with a reduced oxygen content can be attributed to further impurities at the particle surface. The trivial fix for this would be an improvement in purity, which is actually difficult to achieve with the conventional K2-salt Na-reduction process described above (see p. 63). However, the second route, that is the Ta metal powder production by Mg reduction of the oxides, delivers purer metal powder grades (at least with respect to alkali elements). Therefore, this route may be superior for ultra-high CV powders. Moreover, higher purity is beneficial to achieve a higher BDV (break down voltage) as is known from E-beam melted powder. 

See arc resistance, break-down voltage, corona resistance, and dielectric strength. 

Arc Resistance, Break-Down Voltage, Corona Resistance, Dielectric Strength. 

If the ECM of titanium is attempted in sodium chloride electrolyte, very low (10—20%) current efficiency is usually obtained. When this solution is replaced by some mixture of fluoride-based electrolytes, to achieve greater efficiencies (> 60%), a higher voltage (ca 60 V) is used. These conditions ate needed to break down the tenacious oxide film that forms on the surface of titanium. It is this film which accounts for the corrosion resistance of titanium, and together with its toughness and lightness, make this metal so useful in the aircraft engine industry. 

Figure 15-2a shows the stray current interference by a bipolar high-voltage dc power line [7]. When the system breaks down, large voltage cones occur in the soil at the grounding installation. A few kilometers away, the current density in the soil is relatively low. 

The efficiency of transformer oils as dielectrics is measured by electric strength tests. These give an indication of the voltage at which, under the test conditions, the oil will break down. Various national standards exist that all measure the same basic property of the oil. There is an international specification, lEC 296/1982, which may be quoted by equipment manufacturers in their oil recommendations. 

Electrical coalescers, in which a high voltage field is used to break down the stabilising film surrounding the suspended droplets, are used for desalting crude oils and for similar applications see Waterman (1965). 

Naturally, if an enormous voltage is applied, as in a thunderstorm, the electrons are given so much energy that they are ripped from the valence band and can transfer to the conduction band. In these conditions the insulator is said to break down. 

The voltage and current of a transfer are determined by the power conditions set on the power supply for the transfer and the resistance of the circuit (basically the buffer). As the buffer breaks down, its resistance drops. If the power or voltage is set to be constant, the current will increase as the resistance drops, resulting in heating. However, if the current is held constant, and the resistance drops, so will the power and the voltage, causing the proteins to transfer more slowly. 

Could the answer be so simple, that the spark plug does not allow the voltage to rise to very high levels, as the air in the gap breaks down well before the ignition coil reaches is highest open circuit voltage. 

The insulating property of materials breaks down in strong electrical fields. This breakdown strength, called the electric or dielectric strength (DS) is the voltage where material electrical failure occurs. The DS is often related to material thickness, L, as shown in the following equation ... 

---