Brain edema

Kasner SE, Demchuk AM, Berrouschot J, Schmutzhard E, Harms L, Verro P, Chalela JA, Ahhur R, McGrade H, Christou I, Krieger DW. Predictors of fatal brain edema in massive hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke 2001 32(9) 2117-2123. 

Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S. Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke 2005 36 e4—e6. 

Shiga, Y., Onodera, H., Kogure, K., Yamasaki, Y., Syozuhara, FI. and Sendo, R. (1991). Suppression of ischemic brain edema in rats by depletion of neutrophils. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 5486-5491. 

Laterra, L. and Goldstein, G.W., Ventricular organization of cerebral spinal fluid blood-brain barrier, brain edema, and hydrocephalus, in Principles of Neuroscience, 4th ed., Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M., Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000, appendix B. 

An example of the prognostic meaning of vitamin C measurements is given in Figure 13 [33], In this study on neurosurgical patients drastic reduction of the vitamin C concentration in blood during the operation was associated with postoperative brain edema. 

Figure 13 Dynamics of ASC in the blood plasma of neurosurgical patients. Conditions of blood taking referring to the sample number 0, 1 day before operation 1, before the first cut 2 and 3, during the operation, in 30-40-min intervals 4, at the end of the operation 5, the next day 6, at discharge from the hospital. Mean values from n = 14 in the group without complications (circles) and n = 6 in the group with brain edema (squares), p < 0.05 for 1st and 3rd samples, and p < 0.01 for 2nd sample. (From Ref. 33.)...

Milhorat, T. H. (ed.), Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Brain Edemas. New York Neuroscience Society of New York, 1987. 

A number of toxic conditions beside hypoosmotic stress and hypoxia/ischemia produce brain edema and the causes may be related to regulation of the aquaporins (see Ch. 34). AQP1 and AQP4 are intensely upregulated in reactive astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage [69], in human glioma and astrocytoma [70] and AQP4 in endothelia and reactive astrocytes in metastatic carcinoma [71,72]. 

Papadopoulos, M. C., Manley, G. T., Krishna, S. and Verkman, A. S. Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema. FASEB J. 18 1291-1293, 2004. 

Brain edema, often associated with increased intracranial pressure, may accompany the acute phase of metabolic decompensation in the aminoacidurias 671... 

Rat 5 mg/L in drinking water for 15 days followed by 10 mg/L for 15 days Brain edema 20... 

Laursen H, Hansen A, Sheardown M. 1993. Cerebrovascular permeability and brain edema after cortical photochemical infarcts in the rat. Acta Neuropathologica 86(4) 378-385. 

Indications prophylaxis of renal hypovolemic failure, mobiUzation of brain edema, and acute glaucoma. 

Lactate is a useful parameter of cerebral metabolism. The level of lactate is not influenced by plasmatic concentration. Lactate is produced only in small amounts in CSF in the case of anaerobic glycolysis. Under physiological conditions, lactate penetrates the blood-brain barrier in very low concentrations. In bacterial meningitis, the main source of lactate is brain tissue. Different mechanisms are included in the production of lactate first, brain edema with reduction of cerebral blood flow, ischemia, and (consequently) anaerobic metabolism then, production... 

Modern diuretics (natriuretics, saluretics), as used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, are administered with the aim to enhance the renal excretion of sodium ions and water. Older diuretics, such as the osmotic diuretic agents, are of little interest in the treatment of the aforementioned cardiovascular disorders, but may be used to lower intracranial pressure associated with brain edema. 

Dempsey RJ, BaskayaMK, Dogan A (2000) Attenuation of brain edema, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and injury volume by ifenprodil, a polyamine-site N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosurgery 47 399-404... 

Manley GT, Fujimura M, Ma T, Noshita N, Filiz F, Bollen AW, Chan P, Verkman AS (2000) Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat Med... 

Fluorination of corticosteroids at C-9 or/and C-6 increases glucocorticoid activity, while mineralocorticoid activity, responsible for sodium retention (the main adverse effect of corticoids), is decreased (cf. Chapter 4). Fluorocorticoster-oids were the first fluorinated compounds to be used clinically. They are still major drugs against many inflammatory disorders rheumatoid polyarthritis, ORL (asthma, rhinitis), brain edema, dermatological, allergies, anaphylactic shock, Quincke s edema). 

Terry JB, Padzernik TL, Nelson SR Effect of liCl pretreatment on cholinomimetic-induced seizures and seizure-induced brain edema in rats. Neurosci Lett 114 123-127, 1990... 

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