Bradford, Walter

In addition to highly variable root to shoot ratios (0.01-1.22) the use of these values is complicated by (1) ratios that are hybrid, variety, and species-specific and (2) below-ground allocations that are impacted by stress (Herbert et al. 2001 Bradford et al. 2005 Amos and Walters 2006 Johnson et al. 2006). For example, Johnson et al. (2006) used root to shoot ratios of 0.82,0.55, and 0.62 for wheat (Triticum aestivum), com, and soybean (Glycine max), respectively whereas Amos and Walters (2006) reported that root to shoot ratios increased with N and P deficiencies and decreased with increasing water stress, population, shade, and soil compaction. 

In 1948 William Bradford Shockley (1910-1989), who is considered the inventor of the transistor, and his associates at Bell Research Laboratories, Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987) and John Bardeen (1908-1991), discovered that a crystal of germanium could act as a semiconductor of electricity. This unique property of germanium indicated to them that it could be used as both a rectifier and an amplifier to replace the old glass vacuum tubes in radios. Their friend John Robinson Pierce (1910-2002) gave this new solid-state device the name transistor, since the device had to overcome some resistance when a current of electricity passed through it. Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen all shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. 

But if that is the general outlook - and there is no real contest about this among the commentators on Henderson s work - what were the proximate causes and immediate contexts of Henderson s first full statements of the system of organism and environment What were its visible and tacit sources A connected sub-question examines how Henderson s ideas compared with those of other contemporary biologists who were similarly examining the ideas of life and matter Walter Bradford... 

A correlation similar to that of Drickamer and Bradford was developed by O Connell (Ref. 26), but in this cash the plate efficiency was plotted as a function of ay. a = relative volatility) for fractionating towers and of y/HP or KeMy/d for absorption towers. These correlations include both of the main factors, solubility and liquid viscosity, found to be important by Walter and Sherwood. The inclusion of the solubility factor directly with the viscosity is probably not so sound as the type of grouping used in Eq. (17-13). It would be expected that O ConnelFs correlation would break down for extreme or unusual variations in the solubility factor. 

The correlations proposed by Gunness, Walter and Sherwood, Drickamer and Bradford, and O Connell are compared in Fig. 17-6. The ordinate is — In (1 — and the abscissa is the viscosity of the liquid in centipoises. The correlations are not all comparable. Walter and Sherwood s relation was based on small laboratory units and probably corresponds to point conditions, while the other relations were based on plate or over-all column efficiencies. For Eq. (17-13) h was taken = 1.0, w = 0.25, and two curves are given with KeM(d = 0 being used to approximate fractionating conditions and KeM/d = 10,000 to correspond to absorber conditions. Three curves are given for O Connell s relations curves E and F are for the absorber correlation with KM Id = 0 and 10,000, respectively and curve G is for the fractionator correlation with a — 2.0. The curves for Gunness and Drickamer and Bradford agree with the KM/d = 0... 

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