Br0nsted-Lowry theory

Acids and bases are defined in accordance with Br0nsted-Lowry theory in terms of their propensity to donate or accept hydrated protons in aqueous... 

THE PROTOLYSIS OF ACIDS. STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES It is of interest to examine the processes which take place when an acid is dissolved in a solvent, first of all in water. According to the Br0nsted-Lowry theory this dissolution is accompanied by a protolytic reaction, in which the solvent (water) acts as a base. To elucidate these processes, let us examine what happens if a strong acid (hydrochloric acid) and a weak acid (acetic acid) undergo protolysis. 

This expression can easily be derived from the case of ammonia. In the view of the Br0nsted-Lowry theory the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide is more properly the reaction of ammonia with water. ... 

INTERPRETATION OF OTHER ACID-BASE REACTIONS WITH THE BR0NSTED-LOWRY THEORY As already outlined, the great advantage of the Brensted-Lowry theory lies in the fact that any type of acid-base reaction can be interpreted with the simple reaction scheme... 

The Br0nsted-Lowry theory expands the definition of acids and bases to allow us to explain n ch more ol solution chemistry. For example, the Brpnsted-Lowry theory allows us to explain why a solution af ammonium nitrate tests acidic and a solution of potassium acetate tests basic. Most of the substances that we cofcider acids in the Arrhenius theory are also acids in the Brpnsted-Lowry theory, and the same is true of bases. Injboth theories, strong acids are those that react completely with water to form ions. Weak acids ionize only slightly. We can now explain this partial ionization as an equilibrium reaction of the weak acid, the ions, and the w ater. A similar statement can be made about weak bases ... 

Identify each of the following terms (a) hydronium ion, (b) Br0nsted-Lowry theory, (c) proton (Brpnsted sense), (d) acid (Brpnsted sense), (e) base (Brpnsted sense), (f) conjugate, (g) strong acid or base, Qi) acid dissociation constant, i) base dissociation constant, (/) autoionization, k) pH, and (Z) K. ... 

Br0nsted-Lowry theory a theory of acids and bases that defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. 

In contrast to the Br0nsted-Lowry theory, which emphasizes the proton as the principal species in acid-ba.se reactions, the definition proposed by Lux and extended by Floods describes acid-base behavior in terms of the oxide ion. This acid-base concept was advanced to treat nonprotonic systems which were not amenable to the Br0nsted-Lowry definition. For example, in high-temperature inorganic melts, reactions such as the following take place ... 

Lux—Flood Definition In contrast to the Br0nsted-Lowry theory, which emphasizes the proton as the... 

The Br0nsted-Lowry theory assumes a transfer of protons from an acid to a base, i.e., conjugate pairs. 

BR0NSTED-LOWRY THEORY—TAKING AND GIVING PROTONS... 

What is the difference between the Arrhenius and Br0nsted-Lowry theories of acids... 

In the same year the English chemist T.M. Lowry published a paper setting forth some similar ideas without producing a definition in a later paper Lowry himself points out that Brpnsted deserves the major credit, but the concept is still widely known as the Br0nsted-Lowry theory. 

The Br0nsted-Lowry theory conjugate acid-base pairs... 

An even more general theory of acids and bases was given by the American chemist G. N. Lewis in 1923. In this theory, an acid is an electron acceptor and a base is an electron donor. This is a more general theory than the Br0nsted-Lowry theory, because it allows the acid-base classification to be applied to reactions in which neither H (aq) nor OH (aq) play a role, or even to reactions in which there is no solvent. For example, the following are acid-base reactions in the Lewis theory... 

In Chapter 5 we saw that, in terms of the Br0nsted-Lowry theory, acid-base reactions involve proton transfer. Another large and important group of chemical reactions, particularly in aqueous solutions, involves electron transfer these are referred to as oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions. Redox reactions are involved (1) in photosynthesis, which releases oxygen into the Earth s atmosphere (2) in the combustion of fuels, which is responsible for rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (3) in the formation of acid precipitation and (4) in many chemical reactions in Earth sediments. 

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