Bottom crystal

Grainer salt is made by surface evaporation of brine in flat pans open to the atmosphere. Heat usually is furnished by steam pipes located a few inches below tlie tank bottom. Crystals form at the surface of the brine and are held tliere temporarily by surface tension. Thus, they grow laterally for awhile and form thin flakes. But, as they grow, they tend to sink and this process imparts a peculiar, hollow pyramid-like structure to them. Such crystals are called hopper crystals. Ultimately, the crystals sink to the bottom where they are scraped to one end of the pan. The crystals are fragile and during handling they break up, finally assuming a flake-like shape. Thus, tlie term flake salt. 

Fig. 13.5. The hydrogen-bonding patterns in the A (top) and B (bottom) crystal structures of potassium D-gluconate monohydrate (, intranmolecular interaction)...

The material that formed at the bottom and lower portions of the sides of the tank was known as "bottom crystal. The amount of this inferior material was increased t>y the windows, although interest on capital was saved by the shortened time of o r ystalliz ation. 

On the other hand, the time of crystallization was increased, and the relative amount of bottom crystals diminished, by carefully floating about an inch of water on top of fclie sulphate mother liquor just after dropping the liquor into the tanks. The water liad a less radiating power (or else a lower coefficient of conduction) than the mother liquor, and materially slowed down the drop of temperature in the early hours of the cxystallizing process. 

Fig. 5.21. Top Self-assembly drives the formation of helical, homochiral dimeric titanium tris-catecholate complexes. Dimerization is only mediated by LC, while Na and K" " do not lead to comparable products. Bottom Crystal structures of the dimers formed from the aldehyde (left, R = H), the ethyl ketone (centre, R = C2H5), and the methyl ester (right, R = OCH3). Shown is a side view in space-filling representation and a ball-and-stick model with a view along the Ti—Ti...

Fig. 2. Top Molecular structure of Ir(4,4 dmppy)3 with atom labeling schemes and 50% thermal ellipsoids all hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity bottom crystal packing diagram between two adjacent molecules of Ir(4,4 dmppy)3 showing the lack of a n-n stacking interaction in the solid state.

Solid inclined continuous line separates stability fields of calcite and dolomite, the horizontal dashed line restricts from the bottom crystallization field of aragonite or magnesian calcite. Different natural water distribution fields are shown by shading. 

Fig. 8 Top-. Influence of US power (40 kHz) on the morphology and fluorescence color of ITPADA suspensions in THF-H2O mixtures (90% water content) (a) non-ultrasonic (b) 80 W (c) 120 W (d) 160 W (e) 200 W. Bottom-. Crystal packing of ITPADA single crystals (a) basic unit of single crystals (b) interactions along the x-axis (c) interactions along the y-axis (d) interactions along the z-axis. Reproduced with permission from [59]. Copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry...

FIGURE 11.1 Dlustration of two different thermodynamic cycles (top) crystal to gas phase to solution phase and (bottom) crystal to snpercooled liquid phase to solution phase. 

Fig. 5.6 Crystal structure of Ge78P29Si8Teg. Top Polyhedral presentation shown are Te-filled tetrakaidekahedra linked by sulfur atoms, middle Coordination of sulfur. bottom Crystal structure of Si2o-xTe7+x. Shown are Te Si2o dodecahedra linked by tellurium atoms...

Figure 11.4 Vertical and uniaxial alignments of the molecules. The latter alignment is produced by rotating the crystal around the specific axis lying on the bottom crystal plane (or on the substrate plane in the case of thin films). The diagram shows that if the crystal is rotated around the b-axis by 9CT, the vertical axis (parallel to the molecular long axis) is switched to the horizontal axis. This horizontal axis defines the direction of the uniaxial alignment. The vectors a, b and c represent the directions of the crystallographic axes, but they do not correspond to the magnitude of the lattice constants...

Fig. 15 Eclipsed (top) and staggered (bottom) crystal morphs of 123b [89]...

Figure 3.29 Two intersecting crystals of polyethylene grown at 80°C from 0.05% xylene solution. The top crystal has the longer a-axis pointing to about 10 o clock, while the bottom crystal has the fe-axis oriented at 4 o clock. Two oppositely directed steps of thickness k are evident on a line near 11 o clock. Two coincident giant screw dislocations, each left handed, have been created at common the tip of the notches. Transmission electron micrograph of unspecified magnification by Hirai [45] with permission from John Wiley Sons, Inc.

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