Bone regeneration osteoinductive property

The reconstruction of the periodontal tissue with chitosan was a prelude to the discovery of the osteoinductive properties of chitosan [331]. Surgical wounds from wisdom tooth avulsions were treated with freeze-dried methylpyrrolidinone chitosan that promoted bone regeneration. Methyl-pyrrolidinone chitosan was useful in apicoectomy as well. None of the patients reported adverse effects over three years of observation [332]. 

Autografts are bone tissue harvested from a donor site within the same individual (typically from the iliac crest of the pelvis) and transplanted to the fracture site. The innately autologous nature of these scaffolds combined with their highly osteoinductive properties has led them to be considered the gold standard . However, while they are useful for providing a filler material that is conducive to bone regeneration without any risk of rejection, material is limited and the removal of bone from the donor site often results in residual pain and morbidity [28]. 

Ideal bone substitutes should exhibit osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconduc-tive properties. They should be resorbed and gradually replaced by newly formed bone [211]. Chitosan has been suggested as a potential material for promoting bone regeneration because of its apparent osteoconductive [212] and biodegradable properties. It has been shown to promote the growth of osteoblasts and promote mineral-rich matrix deposition in culture [212]. Additionally, chitosan promotes... 

Mechanical properties are of crucial importance for the regeneration of load-bearing tissues such as bone, to withstand stresses, to avoid scaffold fracture, and to maintain the structure to define the shape of the regenerated tissue. Inorganic nanoparticle fillers have been shown to add tensile strength, stiffness, abrasion resistance, crack resistance, and stability to polymer networks. Furthermore, the presence of an osteoinductive mineral phase, e g. bone-like apatite, provides the further benefit of increased stiffness and enhances and accelerates new bone formation. The significantly superior mechanical properties of these scaffolds create a better environment for bone healing and formation within the defect. 

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