Bone marrow microenvironment

Ma Q, Jones D, Springer TA. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the retention of B lineage and granulocytic precursors within the bone marrow microenvironment. Immunity 1999 10 463 171. 

Chailakhian R, Gerasimov Y, Fridenstein A. (1978) Bone marrow microenvironment transfer by clones of stromal mechanocytes BJullEksp. Biol. Med., 86(12) 705-707. 

Hattori, K., Heissig, B., Wu, Y., Dias, S., Tejada, R., et al. 2002. Placental growth factor reconstitutes hematopoiesis by recruiting VEGFR1(+) stem cells from bone-marrow microenvironment. Nat. Med. 8 841-849. 

Baarson KA, Snyder CA. 1991. Evidence for the disruption of the bone marrow microenvironment by combined exposures to inhaled benzene and ingested ethanol. Arch Toxicol 65(5) 414-420. 

This cytokine has also been found to have a chemotaxis-inhibitory effect. High levels of IL-6 in the bone marrow microenvironment of patients with multiple myeloma appear to be favorable for the localization of myeloma cells in situ. This capacity to inhibit the chemotaxis of human malignant plasma cells is probably transduced via the signal-transducing receptor component, gpl30. ... 

Although most patients will respond to Imatinib it is not curative as minimal residual disease can be detected at the molecular level in the bone marrow. Mutations within the kinase domain of Bcr-Abl which can inhibit drug binding is known to contribute to clinical resistance. Additional mechanisms of resistance include the activation of Bcr-Abl independent survival pathways and overexpression of drug transporters. Finally an active area of research is to determine the contribution of the microenvironment of the bone marrow were minimal residual disease is typically found. Determining whether specific soluble factors or extracellular matrixes produced by the bone marrow microenvironment contributes to imanitib resistance may lead to combination therapies targeting minimal residual disease within the bone marrow compartment. 

Hattori K, Heissig B, Wu Y, Dias S, Tqada R, Ferris B, Hicklin DJ, Zhu Z, Bohlen P, Witte L, Hendrikx J, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Moore MA, Werb Z, Lyden D, Rafii S. Placental growth factor reconstitutes hematopoiesis by recruiting VEGFRl (-i-) stem cells from bone marrow microenvironment. Nature Med 2002 8 841 49. 

Jung Y, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, McGregor N, Dai J, Park SI, Barry JE, Havens AM, Joseph J, Kim JK, Patel L, Carmeliet P, Daignault S, Keller ET, McCauley LK, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Prevalence of prostate cancer metastases aftCT intravenous inoculation provide clues into the molecular basis of dormancy in the bone marrow microenvironment. Neoplasia. 2012 14 429-39. 

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