Bone growth and development

Zoetis T, Tassinari M, Bagi C, Walthall K, Hurtt M (2003) Species comparison of postnatal bone growth and development. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 68(2) 86-110. 

TH is critical for normal bone growth and development (Yen, 2001). Hypothyroidism may result in growth... 

Bone mineralisation. Recent evidence is emerging that suggests that vitamin K plays a role in bone growth and development. 

If we were able to scrutinize growth in a more detailed manner that is, to give attention to the growth and development of each organ and tissuewe would doubtless find characteristic patterns of growth which encompass the entire body. Certainly in the growth and development of bones and teeth distinctive patterns are present.5,6... 

Gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) may be a problem with tetracycline use. Hypersensitivity reactions (such as rashes) may also occur, as well as an increase in skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light (photosensitivity).16 Tetracyclines form chemical complexes with calcium that may impair the growth and development of calcified tissues such as bone and teeth, especially in children.69 Tetracyclines also cause discoloration of teeth in children and pregnant women, apparently because of the tetracycline-calcium interaction.69 As mentioned previously, development of tetracycline-resistant strains and resulting superinfections may be a serious problem during tetracycline therapy. 

The normal thyroid gland secretes sufficient amounts of the thyroid hormones—triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine)—to normalize growth and development, body temperature, and energy levels. These hormones contain 59% and 65% (respectively) of iodine as an essential part of the molecule. Calcitonin, the second type of thyroid hormone, is important in the regulation of calcium metabolism and is discussed in Chapter 42 Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis. 

Moss, M.L. (1978) The Muscle-bone Interface An Analysis of a Morphological Boundary Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan... 

It comes as no great surprise that trace elements may affect the growth and development of bone. Trace element deficiences profoundly alter hone metabolism in animals either directly or indirectly (3). The absence of a trace element in the diet can lead to inefficient functioning of a specific enzyme or enzymes that require the transition element as a cofactor. An example of this is the role of Cu and iron (Fe) in the cross-linking of collagen and elastins (4-9). The participation of Mn in the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides (10-12) is another example. Zn deficiency causes a reduction in osteoblastic activity, collagen and chondroitin sulfate synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity (13-16). 

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