Bones applications

Barrick RE, Stoskopf MK, Marcot JD, Russell DA, Showers WJ (1998) The thermoregulatory functions of the Triceratops frill and horns heat flow measured with oxygen isotopes. J Vert Paleo 18 746-750 Barrick RE, Fischer AG, Showers WJ (1999) Oxygen isotopes from turtle bone applications for terrestrial paleoclimates Palaios 14 186-191... 

Ceramics for Bone Applications. Since bone is a composite consisting essentially of ceramic and polymeric components, and due to the essential inertness of many ceramics, this class of materials was looked to to find truly biocompatible materials for structural applications. However, the brittle nature and low tensile strength of ceramics have led to some concerns regarding the fracture behavior... 

Another noteworthy effort at nanocomposite fabrication applied ceramic nanoparticles to a ceramic material to enhance osteoconductivity and mechanical performance. Nawa et al. [49] developed a ceria-stabiHzed tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Ce-TZP) ceramic and incorporated alumina (AI2O3) nanocrystals into it via wet chemistry methods for load-bearing bone applications. Further studies of this material investigated its ability to induce apatite formation [50], in vivo biocompatibility, and resistance to wear [10] with favorable results. 

Sopyan 1, Mel M, Ramesh S, Khalid KA (2007) Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications. Science and Technolc y of Advanced Matoials 8 116-123. 

A first example of application of microtomography is taken from life sciences. Here X-ray microscopy and microtomography allows to reconstruct the internal three-dimensional microstructure without any preparation and sometimes even of living objects. Fig. la shows an X-ray transmission microscopical image of bone (femoral head). Several reconstructed cross-sections are shown in Fig.lb. Fig.lc shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of this bone. 

Plenary 79. FI G M Edwards, e-mail address h.g.m.edwards bradford.ac.uk (NIR-FTRS). A review of recent applications of RS to archeology—characterizing ancient pigments, human skin, bone, ivories, teeth, resins, waxes and gums. Aging effects and dating possibilities. Emphasizes use of microscopic Raman. 

The plate dryer is limited in its scope of apphcations only in the consistency of the feed material (the products must be friable, free flowing, and not undergo phase changes) and diying temperatures up to 320°C. Applications include speci ty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods, polymers, pigments, etc. Initial moisture or volatile level can be as high as 65 percent and the unit is often used as a final dryer to take materials to a bone-dry state, if necessary. The plate dryer can also be used for heat treatment, removal of waters of hydration (bound moisture), solvent removal, and as a product cooler. 

COMBINED APPLICATION OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS METHODS TO THE DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION AND LOCATION IN BONE... 

Microporous and microfibrous surfaces on metals are increasingly used in biomedical applications. A recent review by Wen et al. [60] identified advantages over metals with smooth surfaces which included early better adhesion of biomolecules and cells and firmer fixation of bone or connective tissue. 

Niobium finds use in the production of numerous stainless steels for use at high temperatures, and Nb/Zr wires are used in superconducting magnets. The extreme corrosion-resistance of tantalum at normal temperatures (due to the presence of an exceptionally tenacious film of oxide) leads to its application in the construction of chemical plant, especially where it can be used as a liner inside cheaper metals. Its complete inertness to body fluids makes it the ideal material for surgical use in bone repair and internal suturing. 

A rapidly growing use in the medical field is for surgical implants as either bone plates and screws, joint replacements, or for the repair of cranial injuries. Here, titanium and its alloys have the advantages of complete compatibility with body fluids, low density, and low modulus. Applications also exist in dentistry. 

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented strengthening of the bone between theory and experiment in organic chemistry. Much of this success may be credited to the development of widely applicable, unifying concepts, such as the symmetry rules of Woodward and Hoffmann, and the frontier orbital thee>ry of Eukui. Whereas the the ore tical emphasis had historically been on detailed structure and spectroscopy, the new methods are de signe d to solve pre)blems e>f special importance to organic chemists reactivity, stereochemistry, and mechanisms. 

Application of vitamin K-antagonistic anticoagulants like warfarin gave no clearcut results concerning bone density or a changed risk for bone fractures. 

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