Bond distance substitution

High level molecular orbital calculations of cyclobutadiene itself and experimen tally measured bond distances of a stable highly substituted derivative both reveal a pat tern of alternating short and long bonds characteristic of a rectangular rather than square geometry... 

Next, examine the Sn2 transition states as space-filling models. Are you able to identify unfavorable nonbondec (steric) interactions that are not present in the reactants If so, which Sn2 reaction is likely to be most affected b] steric interactions Least affected Rationalize you observations. Hint Compare CBr bond distances in thf Sn2 transition states. How do these change with increasec substitution at carbon What effect, if any, does this havf on crowding ... 

Fig. 5. M—C bond distances of analogously substituted Lewis acid-base adducts...

In the following sections, systems with various numbers of electrons are discussed. When we look for aromaticity we look for (1) the presence of a diamagnetic ring current (2) equal or approximately equal bond distances, except when the symmetry of the system is disturbed by a hetero atom or in some other way (3) planarity (4) chemical stability (5) the ability to undergo aromatic substitution. 

Thus, l,6-methano[10]annulene (77) and its oxygen and nitrogen analogs 78 and 79 have been prepared and are stable compounds that undergo aromatic substitution and are diatropic. For example, the perimeter protons of 77 are found at 6.9-7.3 5, while the bridge protons are at —0.5 5. The crystal structure of 77 shows that the perimeter is nonplanar, but the bond distances are in the range 1.37-1.42A. It has therefore been amply demonstrated that a closed loop of 10 electrons is an aromatic system, although some molecules that could conceivably have such a system are too distorted from planarity to be aromatic. A small distortion from planarity (as in 77) does not prevent aromaticity, at least in part because the s orbitals so distort themselves as to maximize the favorable (parallel) overlap of p... 

Other single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies of transition element dopants in jS-rh boron are based on the results of a refinement of the /3-rh boron structure that establishes the occurrence of four new low-occupancy (3.7, 6.6, 6.8 and 8.5%) B positions in addition to the earlier known ones. The dopant elements studied, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta, do not enter B positions in the framework, but they enter the Al, A2, D and E positions. In some cases the doping elements have been studied at several concentrations for each element and for different cooling rates. The percentage occupancies of certain positions are eorrelated with the atomie sizes of the dopants. The bond distances between the polyhedra are shorter than those within the polyhedra. The mechanism of doping for some cases is denoted displacive, rather than interstitial or substitutional, because of competing interactions between the six different partially occupied B positions and dopant atoms. 

Ru—C(carbene) bond distances are shorter than Ru—P bond lengths, but this can simply be explained by the difference in covalent radii between P and The variation of Ru—C(carbene) bond distances among ruthenium carbene complexes illustrates that nucleophilic carbene ligands are better donors when alkyl, instead of aryl, groups are present, with the exception of 6. This anomaly can be explained on the basis of large steric demands of the adamantyl groups on the imidazole framework which hinder the carbene lone pair overlap with metal orbitals. Comparison of the Ru—C(carbene) bond distances among the aryl-substituted carbenes show... 

Figure 3. Calculated bond distance (A) in anilinyl and methyl-substituted anilinyl...

Fig. 7.6 The torsional dependence of the central C-C bond distances in some substituted ethanes. All curves are graphs of relative values taken from L. Schafer, J. D. Ewbank, V. J. Klimkowski, K. Siam, and C. van Alsenoy, J. Mol. Struct. 135 (1986) 141, and L. Schafer, M. Cao, M. Ramek, B. J. Teppen, S. Q. Newton, and K. Siam, J. Mol. Struct, in press.

With the long alkyl chain substitutions on the A-heterocyclic carbenes, lamella-structured silver(i) carbene complexes 27a and 27b (Figure 14) were isolated.74 It is interesting to note that the synthetic procedures for the two complexes are the same except for the use of different solvents of crystallization. The dinuclear 27a was obtained from recrystallization in dichloromethane- -hexane while the tetranuclear 27b was obtained from acetone. The structure of 27a could be interpreted as the dimeric form of [Ag(carbene)Br] bridged by intermolecular Ag-Br interactions. The Ag-G bond has a distance of 2.094(5) A. The tetranuclear 27b, on the other hand, could be regarded as two monocationic bis(carbene)silver(i) bridged by an [Ag2Br4]2 anion, with the presence of short Ag(cationic)-Ag(anionic) contact (3.0038(18) A) and comparable Ag-G bond distances (2.0945(5), 2.138(13) A). A related... 

---