Bond aldehydic

Primary and secondary amines, double bonds, aldehydes, sulfides and certain aromatic and dihydroaroraatic systems are also oxidized by chromium VI reagents under standard hydroxyl oxidizing conditions. Amines are commonly protected by salt formation or by conversion to amides. Aldehydes and... 

Treatment with alkaline H2O2 oxidizes trialkylboranes to esters of boric acid. This reaction does not affect double or triple bonds, aldehydes, ketones, halides, or nitriles. The R group does not rearrange, and this reaction is a step in the hydro-boration method of converting alkenes to alcohols (15-16). The mechanism has been formulated as involving a rearrangement from boron to oxygenr ... 

Proton acceptors within hydrogen bonds (aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and nitroderivatives)... 

Carbonyl groups are very polar due to the high difference in the electron affinities of C and O atoms connected by the easily polarized Tr-bond. Aldehydes have high values of dipole moment (/r) [3]. 

One possible solution of this problem is to differentiate a radical first as electrophilic or nucleophilic with respect to its partner, depending upon its tendency to gain or lose electron. Then the relevant atomic Fukui function (/+ or / ) or softness f.v+ or s ) should be used. Using this approach, regiochemistry of radical addition to heteratom C=X double bond (aldehydes, nitrones, imines, etc.) and heteronuclear ring compounds (such as uracil, thymine, furan, pyridine, etc.) could be explained [34], A more rigorous approach will be to define the Fukui function for radical attack in such a way that it takes care of the inherent nature of a radical and thus differentiates one radical from the other. 

The addition of an amine to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde yields—after removal of water—an aldimine (not shown see p. 178). Aldimines are intermediates in amino acid metabolism (see p. 178) and serve to bond aldehydes to amino groups in proteins (see p. 62, for example). The addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde yields a hemiacetal (R-O-C(H)OH-R). The cyclic forms of sugars are well-known examples of hemi-... 

Abstract This chapter covers oxidation of C-H and C-C bonds in alkanes. Section 4.1 concerns oxidation of C-H bonds aldehydes and other CH species (4.1.1), methylene (-CH groups) (4.1.2) and methyl (-CH ) groups (4.1.3). This is followed by the oxidation of cyclic alkanes (4.1.4) and large-scale alkane oxidations (4.1.5). Alkane oxidations not considered here but covered in Chapter 1 are hsted in Section 4.1.6. The final section (4.2) concerns oxidative cleavage of C-C bonds. 

Addition reactions occur in compounds having n electrons in carbon-carbon double (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes) or carbon-oxygen double bonds (aldehydes and ketones). Addition reactions are of two types electrophilic addition to alkenes and alkynes, and nucleophilic addition to aldehydes and ketones. In an addition reaction, the product contains all of the elements of the two reacting species. 

The hydrocyanation of alkenes [1] has great potential in catalytic carbon-carbon bond-formation because the nitriles obtained can be converted into a variety of products [2]. Although the cyanation of aryl halides [3] and carbon-hetero double bonds (aldehydes, ketones, and imines) [4] is well studied, the hydrocyanation of alkenes has mainly focused on the DuPont adiponitrile process [5]. Adiponitrile is produced from butadiene in a three-step process via hydrocyanation, isomerization, and a second hydrocyanation step, as displayed in Figure 1. This process was developed in the 1970s with a monodentate phosphite-based zerovalent nickel catalyst [6],... 

Reactions of carbocations with acetal bonds, aldehydes, ketones, etc. yield carboxonium ions. Various structures have been assigned to these ions. They most probably actually exist in various variants, mutually connected by equilibria. The proportion and structure of the predominant form depend on the structure of the original particles and on their neighbourhood. 

Oxidation. Potassium ferrate (VI) is a reagent for selective oxidation of primary alcohols and amines to aldehydes and of secondary alcohols to ketones. Double bonds, aldehyde functions, tertiary hydroxyl groups, and tertiary amino groups are resistant to oxidation. The reaction is carried out at room temperature either in water or in aqueous solvents. In fact water is essential for oxidation. The reaction is carried out at an initial pH of 11.5 the final pH is 13.5. In a typical procedure K.2pe04 (0.(X)2 mole)... 

Addition of aldehydes to activated double bonds Aldehydes (I) react with a,0-unsaturated carboxylic esters (2a), ketones (2b), or nitriles under the catalytic influence of sodium cyanide to give y-kelocarboxylic esters (3a), y-diketones (3b). or y-ketonitriles... 

The addition of crotylstannane to (R)- and (5)-2-methyl-3-(diphenyl-terf-butylsilyl) oxypropanal ((K)-45 and (S)-45) promoted by a modified CAB Lewis acid gives the syn,syn and syn,anti products in large predominance (98 2 and 90 10) this reflects effective complex control in the transition state (Eqs 68 and 69). These results are consistent with the hydrogen-bonded aldehyde transition state proposed by Corey [35c,d]-... 

Substitution of halogen by hydrogen in aryl halides can take place without, or with only partial, reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds, aldehydes, nitriles, and even readily reducible nitro groups - present in the molecule (equations 29-32). 

Aldehydes and ketones both have a carbonyl group (carbon-oxygen double bond) aldehydes have at least one carbon bonded to the carbonyl group, whereas in ketones the carbonyl is bonded to two carbons. 

Radical initiation can thus take place with almost any carbon-carbon double bond. Aldehydes and ketones are not activated by free radicals because of the difference in electronegativity of the C and O atoms. Aldehydes and ketones are polymerized only by ionic or heterogeneous catalytic processes. 

Addition of aldehydes to activated double bonds. Aldehydes add to a,j3-unsaturated ketones, esters, and nitriles in the presence of triethylamine and catalytic amounts of this salt. Other thiazolium salts are effective. 

Hydrocarbons may acquire one or more oxygen atoms. Of the oxygenated hydrocarbons, two classes of carbonyls that are of considerable importance in the atmosphere are aldehydes and ketones. In each type of molecule, a carbon atom and an oxygen atom are joined by a double bond. Aldehydes have the general form... 

CO double bond Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters 1 760-1670(s) stretch... 

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