Boletus

Joden, m.pl. Jews Metal.) refinery scraps, -dombeere, /. jujube, zizyphus. -harz, n. = Judenpech. -kirsche,/. alkekengi Phyaalis). -pech, n. Jew s pitch (asphalt). -pilz, -schwamm, m. a species of Boletus. 

Puffballs of the genus Lycoperdon are also hallucinogenic, and activity has been claimed for Boletus satana, which occurs in the southeastern U.S. 

New Guinea "mushroom madness" is apparently due to species of Boletus, Russula and Heimiella. See R. Heim NOUVELvES INVESTIGATIONS SUR LES CHAMPIGNONS HALLUCIN-OGENES (1967). Also see FIELD GUIDE TO THE PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOM (available from P.O. Box 15667, New Orleans, LA 70175). 

Muscarine is found in tiny amounts, usually under 20 pg/g, in other agaric genera, too, such as Amanita, Boletus, Hygrocybe, Lactarius, Mycena, and Russula. It was by the small amounts of muscarine present in A. muscaria, 90 pg/g, that the toxin was detected and identified (and got its name) but muscarine in A. muscaria usually does not account for the symptoms that occur after ingestion of this fungus, which are produced by muscimol and its precursor ibotenic acid. 

Furthermore, the allohimachalane (see Section 13.11.9.1) <1999T14623> as well as boletunones A and B, highly functionalized sesquiterpenes from the fruit body of the mushroom Boletus calopus <20040L823>, have been characterized by 2D-NMR (heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), HMBC, and 111-COSY). The structure of a drimen-ll,12-acetonide, isolated from Maya s herb, was deduced by means of 111 and 13C NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC analyses <2005MRC339>. 

Sendzik, M. Guamieri, W. Hoppe, D. Monocarbamates derived from (S)-2-(dibenzylami-no) butane-1,4-diol and the influence of the second O-protecting group on the regioselec-tivity of deprotonation. Application to the synthesis of the Boletus toxin (2S,4S)-y-hydroxy-norvaline. Synthesis 1998, 1287-1297. 

Fumaric acid is a naturally occurring sour-tasting compound found in many plants such as Fumaria officinalis L. (Fumariaceae), Boletus scaber Bull. (Boletaceae), and Fames igniaries (Fries) Kickx. (Pluporaceae). It is an essential component for respiration in plant and animal tissues. It is produced by fermentation with mold, such as Rhizopus nigricans, or by chemical synthesis. It is also used in soft drinks and ice cream and as an acidulant along with citric acid. 

Torricelli R, Johansson SCO, Wuthrich B Inhalative and ingestive allergy to the mushroom Boletus edulis. Allergy 1997 52 747-751. 

Roncarolo D, Minale P, Mistrello G, Voltolini S, Falagiani P Food allergy to Boletus edulis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 101 850-851. 

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