BOLD project

In the early 1950 s, the President s Materials Policy Commission issued a report called Resources for Freedom. This presidential body made the bold projection that sulfur demand in the U.S. would reach 10.1 million tonnes by 1975. Demand in 1950 had been only 5.1 million tonnes. The projection was almost perfect. The... 

We commented above that the elastic and viscous effects are out of phase with each other by some angle 5 in a viscoelastic material. Since both vary periodically with the same frequency, stress and strain oscillate with t, as shown in Fig. 3.14a. The phase angle 5 measures the lag between the two waves. Another representation of this situation is shown in Fig. 3.14b, where stress and strain are represented by arrows of different lengths separated by an angle 5. Projections of either one onto the other can be expressed in terms of the sine and cosine of the phase angle. The bold arrows in Fig. 3.14b are the components of 7 parallel and perpendicular to a. Thus we can say that 7 cos 5 is the strain component in phase with the stress and 7 sin 6 is the component out of phase with the stress. We have previously observed that the elastic response is in phase with the stress and the viscous response is out of phase. Hence the ratio of... 

Fig. 15.9. Projection (bold line) of reaction path shown in Figure 15.8 onto an /o2-pH diagram drawn for the Fe-S-H20 system at 100 °C. Horizontal dashed lines are stability limits for water at 1 atm pressure. Vertical dashed line is equal-activity line for SO4-and IISO4. Boxes show reaction steps taken in tracing the path each step represents the addition of an 8 mmol aliquot of 02.

Tab. 16.1 Results of anticonvulsant activity testing from anticonvulsant screening project at the National Institutes of Health. Data for most promising compounds are in bold... 

Figure 4. Two projections of the cellulose I structure predicted by three methods based on R (dashed line) based on E (bold line) based on (thin line).

Proceeding from G1 with the E)/ E) conformation to G2 with (Z)/(Z) implies a rotation about bonds b and b as indicated by the bold lines in Fig. 29. As the centres of atropisomerism on each half of the molecule are not affected by this rotation, the projection of the side-chains must be adjusted such that the projections correspond to retainment of the original configuration. The assignment of the peaks is made using the pattern interchange given earlier in Fig. 8. 

Figure 2.2 Definition and sign convention for dihedral angle ft). The bold lines are the projections of the AB and CD bonds into the bisecting plane. Note that the sign of a> is independent of whether one chooses to view the bisecting plane from the AB side or the CD side...

Figure 2.3 Fourier decomposition of the torsional energy for rotation about the C-O bond of fluoromethanol (bold black curve, energetics approximate). The Fourier sum (A) is composed of the onefold (o), twofold (o), and threefold ( ) periodic terms, respectively. In the Newman projection of the molecule, the oxygen atom lies behind the carbon atom al center...

FIGURE 7-7 Pyranoses and furanoses. The pyranose forms of o-glucose and the furanose forms of o-fructose are shown here as Haworth perspective formulas. The edges of the ring nearest the reader are represented by bold lines. Hydroxyl groups below the plane of the ring in these Haworth perspectives would appear at the right side of a Fischer projection (compare with Fig. 7-6). Pyran and furan are shown for comparison. 

Fig. 19. The structure or ZSM-S/silicate (a) Secondary building units (indicated by bold lines) each composed of 12 tetrahedral atoms are linked into chains, one of which is shown in the c direction (b) The chains are interlinked to form a three-dimensional framework in which there are 10-membered ring openings (5.5 A in diameter) running in the [010] direction. In this portion of the ac structural projection, O denotes a tetrahedral site.

The binscienccs research community is now embarked on a program whose boldness, even audacity, has prompted comparisons with such visionary efforts as the Apollo space program and the Manhattan project. That life scientists should conceive such an amhitious project is not remarkable what is surprising—at least at lirst blush—is that the project should trace its roots to the Department of Energy. 

Fig. S. Conformational modulation of a peptidic structure ( 6) controlled by a redox process [8], The hydrophilic amino acids are in bold face and the sulfoxide form of methionine is denoted by M°. On the left, the tr-helix axial projection on the right, the 0-sheet side-view representation...

A further simplification of stereochemical notation for saturated carbon centers is to stretch out the carbon skeleton in the plane of the paper (blackboard, computer screen). Valences of atoms or groups other titan hydrogen are indicated by a bold line if they project into the space in front of the plane and with a dashed line if they project into the space behind the paper (blackboard, computer screen). 

Fig. 58 Model structure in the cube (centre) and height of its neighbouring images, projected on the xy plane. The parent chain is traced with a bold line, the image chains are drawn as thin lines. Only carbons are indicated (from [50])...

Fig. 8. Voltage drop Vi, /, z) in the scattering region is presented for bias of 0.5 V applied to the left Au electrode. The electrode separation is of 11.7 A, and the C60 sits in the middle of the tunnel junction. Here, we define the voltage drop in the scattering region as Vj,(r) = Vn(r Vj,) — Vjj(r Vj, = 0). The presented Vj,(y, z) is an average over the horizontal planes, i.e., f dxV, (x,y,z)/(xt — xt>), where xt, and xt are the coordinates of the bottom and top of the computation box in the x direction. The dashed vertical lines highlight the C60 location in the molecular junction. We project the positions of the left and right electrodes and the molecule onto the surface Vf,(y, z). The corresponding edges are shown by the bold solid lines.

In order to determine the conformation, the substitution pattern at carbon atoms C2 and C3 must first of all be established. Three different groups are attached to each. Hence, the groups of highest priority on each are taken as the reference groups (shown bold in the diagram below), thus this must be the antiperiplanar conformation. In order to transform the formula into a Fischer projection formula, the part of the formula which is closer to the observer is rotated until an eclipsed conformation is obtained in which the groups forming the main chain are oriented synperiplanar to each other. 

Fischer projections are so unlike real molecules that you should never use them. However, you may see them in older books, and you should have an idea about howto interpret them. Just remember that all the branches down the side of the central trunk are effectively bold wedges (coming towards the viewer), while the central trunk lies in the plane ofthe paper. By mentally twisting the backbone into a realistic zig-zag shape you should end up with a reasonable representation Of the sugar molecule. 

A schematic projection of the 3D FS3 is shown in Fig. 4.45 [388]. The bold lines show the possible extremal orbits of this multiple-connected FS. For a field in the c direction only the orbit a is possible which has been seen only experimentally (Fig. 4.43a). For fields in the ab plane the calculation predicts a variety of dHvA frequencies some of which should only be visible over a narrow angular range. This is in principal agreement with the experimental observations. Prom the 3D FS3 alone one obtains absolute values of the dHvA frequencies a, /3, 7, and Si in reasonable agreement with the experiment. Table 4.3 shows the measured and calculated frequencies in comparison. 

Horizontal and diagonal mirror planes are normally labeled using bold lines as shown in Figure 1.8 or using double lines in stereographic projections (see section 1.9, below). 

Figure 2.9 Connection mode and unit-cell content in AFI along c in perspective view (left) and in parallel projection (top right). For clarity, only 7 V2 repeat units of the PBUs along c are drawn. A double crankshaft chain (consisting of 2-fold-connected double 4-rings), and 3-fold-connected double 6-rings are indicated in bold. Reproduced from www.iza-structure.org...

Figure 5. Helical wheel projection of the N-terminal segment of the i3 loop of the rat m3 mAChR (Arg252-Ala265), viewed from the N- to the C-terminus. This model predicts that one side of this putative helix consists of exclxisively charged residues (plain), whereas the other side is formed by exclusively noncharged residues (bold). Tyr254 (boxed) is conserved among all Pl-coupled mAChRs (ml, m3, and m5) and is required for efficient activation of G proteins of the Gq/ii family [35,36].

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