Body segment parameters

D. Khalili and M. Zomlefer (1988), An intelligent robotic system for rehabilitation of joints and estimation of body segment parameters, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 35 138-146. 

Twenty anthropometric parameters were taken for each of the subjects in order to calculate the body segment parameters will be finally be used in the inverse dynamics analysis [19][20]. Sixteen passive reflective markers were... 

Kinematic analysis — measures or estimates various motion parameters for specified body segments, for example, displacement, velocity, acceleration. (It involves micromotion studies.) The data are used for subsequent biomechanical analyses, for example, to determine mechanical strain in the musculoskeletal system [Chaffin and Andersson, 1991]... 

Kinetic analysis — measures or estimates forces produced by body segments and other biomechanical parameters (e.g., center of mass, moment of inertia, etc.) and physical parameters of objects (e.g., mass, dimension, etc.) (the data are used for subsequent biomechanical analyses)... 

In impact sports, often a performer consistently tries to minimize execution time in order to increase implement velocity to achieve maximum ball velocity and/or distance. In bowling, it is likely that expert bowlers vary their temporal and spatial parameters - in this instance especially their foot slide, to adjust their final body segments into correct positions prior to releasing the ball. These adjustments are necessary to attain maximum accuracy. 

The volume model can be brrilt up by linking basic solid bodies. Therefore, another way of thinking is required in order to describe a body. The body must be segmented into basic bodies or provided by the system as basic elements (Spur and Krause 1984). Each volume system comes with a number of predefined simple geometrical objects that are automatically generated. The objects are generated by a few descriptive system parameters. Spheres, cubes, cones, truncated cones, cylinders, rings, and tetrahedrons are examples of the basic objects included in the system. 

In rats orally administered 2 g/kg of annatto powder (27% bixin) 20 times over a 4-week period, no changes in hematological or plasma biochemical parameters were observed. A decrease in body weight gain was observed in male rats, and kidney apoptosis in restricted areas without proliferation or tubular segments modification was observed in 20% of female rats. The precise nature of apoptosis was not investigated. The authors concluded that annatto was not toxic to the rat (Bautista et al. 2004). 

---