Blue laser diodes

Duffy, J. A. (1990) Bonding, Energy Levels and Bands in Inorganic Solids, Longman, London. Johnson, N.M., Nurmikko, A.V., and DenBaars, S.P. Blue diode lasers, Phys. 7bc/a/(October 2000), 31-6. 

A fascinating category of experiments can be found in Table IV. These are the use of lasers to determine thermodynamic parameters. These include calorimetry (43), enthalpies of vaporization and vaporization rates (44, 45), and heat capacities (46). Other laser experiments that can be found in Table IV include the use of CW laser spectroscopy to determine the iodine binding-energy curve (47), the study of vibrational line profiles to determine intermolecular interactions (48), two photon ionization spectrometry (49), a study of optical activity and optical rotatory dispersion (50) and the development of several experiments using blue diode lasers (57). 

Blue Diode Lasers New Opportunity in Chemical Education 51... 

As blue diode lasers became available on a large scale [10], a new generation of storage disks with further increased storage capacity was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association and by Toshiba and NEC within the DVD Forum [4j. As can be seen in Table 12.1, a HD-DVD holds 15 GB and BDs hold 25 GB (singlelayer DB) or 50 GB (dual-layer BD). Figure 12.3 shows, as a typical example, the cross-section of a novel disk type having a triple-layer structure one BD layer and a dual DVD layer to be read by a blue and a red laser, respectively. 

S. Nakamura, S. Fasol, The Blue Diode Laser, Springer, Berlin (1997). 

Nakamura S, Fasol G (1997) The blue diode laser GaN-based light emitters and lasers. Springer, Berlin, Germany... 

J. Alnis, U. Gustafsson, G. Somesfalean, S. Svanberg Sum-frequency generation with a blue diode laser for mercmy spectroscopy at 254 nm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1234 (2000)... 

Figure 2.8 shows the Raman spectrum of the long-side-chain PFVESF (LSC-PFSF) (870 g/mol), which was obtained by excitation with 632.8 nm radiation from a He-Ne gas laser and blue diode laser with 473 nm operated at about 17 mW (-12 mW on the sample) on LabRAM ARMIS IR. ... 

Figure C2.16.2 shows tire gap-lattice constant plots for tire III-V nitrides. These compounds can have eitlier tire WTirtzite or zincblende stmctures, witli tire wurtzite polytype having tire most interesting device applications. The large gaps of tliese materials make tliem particularly useful in tire preparation of LEDs and diode lasers emitting in tire blue part of tire visible spectmm. Unlike tire smaller-gap III-V compounds illustrated in figure C2.16.3 single crystals of tire nitride binaries of AIN, GaN and InN can be prepared only in very small sizes, too small for epitaxial growtli of device stmctures. Substrate materials such as sapphire and SiC are used instead.

AT1 cm ). and therefore, these dyes are excitable not only with red (635 or 670-nm) but also with blue (380, 405, and 470 nm) diode lasers or LEDs (Fig. 1). Carbonyl containing substituents such as 1,3-indanedione, cyanoacetic ester, barbituric, and thiobarbituric acid form intramolecular H-bond with the polymethine hydrogens of the squaraine bridge. As a result, the molar absorptivities and quantum yields of these dyes are substantially decreased. 

Blue-green laser diodes, 22 179 Blue lasers, 22 142... 

A UV laser is needed for exciting the blue-fluorescing agents, 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenyhndole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33342, which are DNA-intercalating stains, and for indo-1, a fluorescent calcium chelator dye. Violet diode lasers that are offered in some newer instruments accommodate fluorochromes such as Cascade Blue, Pacific Blue, and cyan fluorescent protein, and are also capable of exciting DAPI (Shapiro and Perlmutter 2001 Telford et al., 2003). 

D.J.L.B. Birkin, E.U. Rafailov, G.S. Sokolovskii, W. Sibbett, G.W. Ross, P.G.R. Smith, and D.C. Hanna, 3.6mW blue light by direct frequency-doubling of a diode laser using an aperiodically-poled lithium niobate crystal. Applied Physics Letters 78(21), 3172-3174 (2001). 

Diode lasers can be obtained at specific wavelengths from the blue to the IR region, and currently, there is considerable effort to develop UV-emitting... 

The large span of applications of GaN based semiconductors has focused attention on the properties of these compounds. The aim of this Datareview is to quote recent results on the bandedge of GaN. Also, since GaN will be the basis of blue-UV laser diodes, for instance as the guiding layer, the determination of its optical constants will be examined. 

Performance of typical II-VI and InGaN blue diodes is shown in Fig. 4.6. The temperature, current and voltage at which the diodes operate are about the same in the two cases. The external quantum efficiency and the output power are about 3 times larger for the InGaN. However spectral characteristics of the ZnSe based diode are superior. Best performance characteristics of the organic and inorganic LEDs are summarized in Table 4.2. The life time of LEDs and lasers are shown in Fig. 4.7. 

Because of the wide analytical range already accessible with second harmonic generation, many elements routinely determined by conventional AAS in analytical flames or furnaces can also be determined by AAS with diode lasers. The availa-blility of laser diodes with lower wavelengths will only make the approach cheaper, as then second harmonic generation will become superfluous. The elements now accessible with X > 630 nm with resonance lines are already manifold Li, Na, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Cr, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Tl, Pb, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho, Tm, Yb and Lu. Also U and some of the actinides can be determined. Important elements such as Be, Mg, As and Hg with diodes emitting in the blue region will eventually become accessible. 

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