Blood type, probability

Percentages are out of 100. So, if 45 percent of the population has type-O blood, then chances are that 45 out of 100 have type-O blood. If 16 percent of the type O people have O- blood, then find 16 percent of 45 with 0.16 x 45 = 7.2. About 7 people in 100 have O- blood. The probability of a person at random having O- blood is about 7.2 percent. 

The authors considered it probable that the patient s AB blood type had increased the risk of hemolysis and they concluded that patients with severe hemolysis can switch from one batch of intravenous immunoglobulin to another batch of the same product after recovery. 

Hyperammonemia Type 2. A deficiency of ornithine transcarbamoylase (reaction 2, Figure 29-9) produces this X chromosome-linked deficiency. The mothers also exhibit hyperammonemia and an aversion to high-protein foods. Levels of glutamine are elevated in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, probably due to enhanced glutamine synthesis in response to elevated levels of tissue ammonia. 

In addition to its pump function, the heart is also a secretory organ. Cardiac cells produce two small peptides, the natriuretic factors, which oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from the sympathetic nervous system and of the peptide angiotensin II. By causing vasodilation and natriuresis (increased excretion of sodium in the urine), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreted from the atria and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) secreted by both atria and probably more significantly, from the ventricles, reduce blood pressure. The stimulus to secretion of natriuretic peptides is wall stretch of the chambers of the heart, indicating volume and pressure overload of the vascular system. A third member of the natriuretic peptide family, CNP, is secreted by endothelial cells. 

Studies show that 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine caused cancer of the liver, skin, breast, bladder, and tissues that form blood (leukemia), and other sites in laboratory animals that ate 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in their food. There is no evidence that 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine has caused cancer in people who worked with it or who were exposed to it unknowingly or by accident for a short or long time. However, because of the many types of cancer that 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine has caused in different tissues of many types of laboratory animals, 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine should be thought of as probably capable of causing human cancer if exposure to the chemical is sufficiently high. 

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