Blood products basic principles

FIGURE 41.2 Basic principle of artificial cells Artificial cells are prepared to have some of the properties of biological cells. Like biological cells, artificial cells contain biologically active materials (I). The enclosed material (I) can be retained and separated from undesirable external materials, such as antibodies, leukocytes, and destructive substances. The large surface area and the ultra-thin membrane allow selected substrates (X) and products (Y) to permeate rapidly. Mass transfer across 100 mL of artificial cells can be 100 times higher than that for a standard hemodialysis machine. The synthetic membranes are usually made of ultrathin synthetic polymer membranes for this type of artificial cell. (From Chang, T.M.S., Artif. Cells Blood Substit. ImmobU. Biotechnol., 22(1), vii, 1994.)... 

Blood and ingredients prepared from it have been used in a variety of applications in the meat industry, as well as for use in other food products. Blood sausages are very common in Germany and the basic principles of their manufacture are described by Hammer (1991). 

Chapters 2 and 3 have been replaced (Basic Principles and Theories of Diffuse Reflection), several chapters (4,19,25,26,29, and 37) have been updated (Commercial Instrumentation, Analyses of Textiles and of Baked Products, Advances in the Petrochemical Industry, Polymers, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Process Analysis), and some new chapters (12,18,21,28,29,31,32,33,35, and 38) have been added (Process Sensors, Agro-Forestry Systems, Gas Analysis, Use of NIR at the Bowling Alley, PAT in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Nutraceuticals, Detection of Counterfeit Drugs (e.g., Viagra), NIR Photography in Medicine, Biomedical Components in Blood and Semm, and The Detection of Counterfeit Currency and Turquoise). 

In the developmental process for many drugs, the drug product is administered under controlled conditions to healthy, normal individuals or to the targeted patient population. This is done to characterize the rate and extent of absorption, the bioavailability, of the active drug contained in the product. The bioavailability is estimated from the measured concentrations of the drug that appear in serial blood specimens collected over a period of time after product administration. Basic statistical principles govern the behavior of the typical bioanalytical procedure used to measure these concentrations in the collected blood specimens. 

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