Blood Papain

Pantothenate in blood and tissues is bound (R9) and released by autolysis or hydrolysis. More vitamin could be released by use of an alkaline phosphatase and an enzyme from avian liver (L6). This method liberates pantothenate from coenzyme A in a variety of foods and tissues (N3, N4). A comparison of hydrolytic methods in blood suggested autolysis to be the most advantageous method (N3) in our hands, treatment with Clarase gave more reliable results as compared with autolysis, acid hydrolysis, treatment with Mylase P, or combination of Clarase and papain, or liver enzyme and alkaline phosphatase. In urine, pantothenic acid is unbound our results show no increase with Clarase treatment. The vitamin has presumably a low threshold. Pantothenic acid shows the same concentration in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. 

Proteins free-sulfvdrvl papain and chymopapain (papaya, Carica papaya L., Violales, Ang. native to S Amwica, cultivated in Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, and the East) and brcmelain (pineapple. Ananas comosum, Bromeliales, Ang. native to S America, cultivated in Africa) NO-releasing heme nitrqjhwin (blood-sucking Ins. Rhodnius prolixux Walker 1999). 

The occurrence of proteins which inhibit papain-like cysteine proteases has been known at least since 1946, when Grob demonstrated that blood serum (G7) and... 

A similar property has been detected in the juice of crab s liver, in the product of the papainic digestion of the liver, and in the extracts of certain organs. Lilienfeld has detected the presence of anti-coagulating substances in bird s blood, in the red corpusdes, in the leucocytes, and in the lymphatic ganglia. Finally, the histone of Kossel likewise possesses this power of arresting in vitro the dotting of blood. 

Mendel u. Blood. Einige Besonderheiten der proteolyt. Wirkung d. Papain, Journ. of Biol. Chem., 1910, (8), p. 177, d apiis Chem. CerUralH., 1910, (2),... 

Red blood cells, erythrocytes, were used because of their low and reversible adhesion. Cells were prepared from three species, human blood from North Staffordshire Hospital, fresh horse blood in EDTA, and fresh rat blood from Central Animal Pathology Ltd. Each blood sample was washed six to seven times in phosphate buffered saline to remove the nonred-cell components, before suspending in physiological saline solution, then examined by both optical and Coulter tests. Each species of cell was treated in three ways to judge the effect of surface adhesion molecules by adding glutaraldehyde, fibronectin, and papain. 

The control sample of horse cells in isoton showed somewhat weaker adhesion than the sample shown in Table 12.2. Such variation was found to be common in different samples of horse blood. Differences between animals in type, age, etc., and also in blood cell conditioning had a distinct influence which will be described in separate papers. It is evident from the results that glutaraldehyde reduced the adhesion by about 25% whereas fibronectin increased the adhesion by 10% and papain by 20%, changes which were comparable with the effects seen on human red cells but disappointingly small compared with the effects anticipated. 

B cells and B-LCL express surface immunoglobulin and this can be exploited to select cells secreting antibody with the desired specificity. For blood group antibodies, sterile red cells of the appropriate blood group are conveniently used. If the antigen is resistant to proteolytic enzymes (papain, bromelain, tiypsin) these can be used to reduce the surface charge of the cells which enhances contact with B cells. 

During lyophilization of hyaluronan solutions, polysaccharide degradation is initiated with phosphate ions [50]. For purification from proteins, proteolitic enzymes could also be used to reduce the viscosity of the biopolymer, particularly papain SH-groups that are reducing agents and accelerate the decomposition of hyaluronan [34], Trypsin, which contains Fe " ions, could also be used for the purification of hyaluronan and to initiate the depolymerization process. The use of 8-hydroxyquinoline prevents HA viscosity reduction [25]. In order to maintain the polymerization level of hyaluronan, the initial tissue must be thoroughly washed from blood, which contains ions of iron, copper and phosphate. 

Plant enzyme preparations (ficin, papain, bromelain) are used to tenderize meat. These substances are either sprayed onto the meat cuts or are distributed via the blood vessels of the animal either shortly before or after slaughtering. 

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