Blood clots, generation

Endothelial dysfunction, effects on blood clotting Generation of neoantigens, breakdown in immune tolerance... 

Chimeric Antibodies The first generation is the chimeric antibodies (chimeric comes from the word Chimera, a Greek mythology beast made of three animals a lion, a snake, and a goat). This type of antibody consists of both murine and human parts. The murine Fv fragments are retained and linked to the Fc fragment of human IgG. An example of the chimeric antibody is ReoPro, which prevents blood clots by binding to a receptor on platelets. 

Figure 8.2 A developing blood clot is shown in this picture. A blood clot is made of platelets, membrane fragments of a bone marrow cell, and a network of insoluble proteins, particularly fibrin generated from a precursor protein, fibrinogen, through the work of a cascade of protein clotting factors. Several bleeding disorders result from inherited deficiencies in clotting proteins.

The formed elements of blood are red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes (Figure 9.2), are flexible biconcave disk-shaped bodies whose main function is to carry oxygen to tissue bound to the hemoglobin that they contain. They are generated in the marrow of various bones by the action of stem cells. The hormone erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production in response to tissue needs for oxygen. Marrow stem cells also produce platelets, tiny cell fragments that contain the biochemicals necessary for blood clotting. The third kind of formed elements consists of leukocytes, which are defensive white blood cells. 

Shuman MA, Levine SP Hirombin generation and secretion ofplatdet facto 4 during blood clotting. J Clinlnvest61 1102,1978... 

The relationship between vitamin K and blood clotting is as follows. Generation of the blood dot, which is composed of cross-linkrxl platelets and cross-1 inked fibrin, is dependent on the activity of a number of proteins. Some of these proteins are vitamin K-dependent proteins. This means that a vitamin K-dependent roac-... 

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain is one example of a module that is present in several proteins (Figure 3-8). EGF is a small, soluble peptide hormone that binds to cells in the embryo and in skin and connective tissue in adults, causing them to divide. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage between repeated EGF domains in the EGF precursor protein, which is anchored in the cell membrane by a membrane-spanning domain. EGF modules are also present in other proteins and are liberated by proteolysis these proteins include tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), a protease that is used to dissolve blood clots In heart attack victims ... 

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