Bismuth viscosity

A study was made of the comparative stabilities at various exposures of an upset stomach remedy suspension. This product consisted of a dispersion of bismuth subsalicylate and phenylsalicylate in an aqueous system. Methyl-cellulose and magnesium aluminum silicate were selected as the suspending agents, because the presence of polyvalent metallic ions precluded the use of hydrocolloids affected by these ions. In addition, it was found that methyl-cellulose contributed a demulcent effect. The viscosity, as well as the suspension characteristics of the combination of protective colloids used, was of a synergistic nature. These colloids formed a thixotropic system. The thixotropy undoubtedly aids in stabilizing this system. In order to make this product palatable and impart elegance, color and flavor were added. Sample 1 (with protective colloids) showed no separation, while sample 2 (without... 

Rothwell, E. A Precise Determination of the Viscosity of Liquid Tin, Lead, Bismuth, and Aluminium by an Absolute Method. J. Inst. Metals 90, 389 (1960). 

These metal-amine complexes are stable toward moisture and are soluble in organic solvents, leading to liquid precursors with appropriate viscosities for their deposition on substrates. Metal oxide thin films have been prepared from these amine-based precursors, including complex oxide thin films of titanium or bismuth-based perovskites, among others. The molecular structures of the titanium-amine and bismuth-amine complexes synthesized in a solution are shown in Scheme 27.6 [25-27]. In addition, the dative bond from the nitrogen toward the metallic center incorporates new functionalities into these types of molecules, such as photosensitivity, that can be used for nonconventional methods of synthesis of metal oxide thin films. 

Pearlescent compounds (bismuth, titanium dioxide-coated mica) normally are insoluble in water or alcohol, but are dispersed in emulsion systems. Opacifying agents (e.g., water-soluble salts of styrene and maleic anhydride) are used to reduce translucence, modify the viscosity characteristics of the liquids, and provide a creamlike texture or pearlescent effect to the product. 

Solution properties. Little work has been done on determining physical properties of the solutions. The available results indicate that the. mall amount of dissolved material does not appreciably affect the phy. ical properties of density, viscosity, heat capacity, and vapor pressure. I or design purposes, the properties of pure bismuth can probably be used with. safety. 

The ery large spread in pumping-power requirements is striking. Bismuth has about four times the pumping-power requirements of sodium and both have manifold greater requirements than that of water, which has the least of any known liquid. The tremendous superiority of water as a heat-transport medium is due to its low viscosity and very high volumetric heat capacity. 

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