Bismuth ions reactions

In addition to the microscopic redox processes of bismuth ions and molybdenum ions, the combination of these conductivity measurements leads to the conclusion that the macroscopic, bulk conductivity properties of the bismuth molybdate catalyst affect the catalytic reaction. 

The bismuthate ion is reduced to BiO+ in acid medium, the half-reaction being... 

In the course of the reactions described in section (I) the complex silver and bismuth ions are reduced to the metal by the -CHO group of the aldehyde. No reaction occurs if this group is not present (paraldehyde). In reaction (II) the SO3 group of the fuchsinesulfurous acid is split off and adds to the aldehyde to form an a-hydroxysulfonic acid. The color of the fuchsine itself is now visible. All the normal reactions of an aldehyde are observed if acetaldehyde is set free from its trimer paraldehyde. Sulfuric acid catalyses both the forward and back reactions in this equilibrium (eqn. 1) ... 

It is interesting to see that bismuth ions, Bi3+ or BiO+, inhibit the corrosion of metallic iron, zinc, and cobalt in perchloric acid solution. The bismuth ions are reduced in the cathodic reaction of metal corrosion forming metallic precipitates of bismuth on the corroding metal surface. 

Mercury, lead, bismuth, and silver have been the most frequently studied liquid metal electrodes the dme has been employed to study metal-metal ion reactions, mainly in nitrate and chloroaluminate melts (but also... 

Tang IN, Castleman AW Jr. Mass spectrometric study of gas-phase clustering reactions hydration of the monovalent bismuth ion. J Chem Phys. 1974 60 3981. ... 

Solutions of Bi(N03)3 and Na S are both colorless. If we mix the two solutions together, a black solid precipitates. Using solubiUty rule 7 we see that all sulfides are insoluble with only a few exceptions. The bismuth ion (BT+) is not one of the exceptions. Since we know from rule 1 that NaN03 is soluble, we conclude that Na+ and NO 3 are spectator ions in this reaction and that the black precipitate is bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3), as shown in the following net ionic equation ... 

The purple permanganate ion [14333-13-2], MnOu can be obtained from lower valent manganese compounds by a wide variety of reactions, eg, from manganese metal by anodic oxidation from Mn(II) solution by oxidants such as o2one, periodate, bismuthate, and persulfate (using Ag" as catalyst), lead peroxide in acid, or chlorine in base or from MnO by disproportionation, or chemical or electrochemical oxidation. 

H. 8-Hydroxyquinaldine (XI). The reactions of 8-hydroxyquinaldine are, in general, similar to 8-hydroxyquinoline described under (C) above, but unlike the latter it does not produce an insoluble complex with aluminium. In acetic acid-acetate solution precipitates are formed with bismuth, cadmium, copper, iron(II) and iron(III), chromium, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc, titanium (Ti02 + ), molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate. The same ions are precipitated in ammoniacal solution with the exception of molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate, but with the addition of lead, calcium, strontium, and magnesium aluminium is not precipitated, but tartrate must be added to prevent the separation of aluminium hydroxide. 

The reaction is a sensitive one, but is subject to a number of interferences. The solution must be free from large amounts of lead, thallium (I), copper, tin, arsenic, antimony, gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, and from elements in sufficient quantity to colour the solution, e.g. nickel. Metals giving insoluble iodides must be absent, or present in amounts not yielding a precipitate. Substances which liberate iodine from potassium iodide interfere, for example iron(III) the latter should be reduced with sulphurous acid and the excess of gas boiled off, or by a 30 per cent solution of hypophosphorous acid. Chloride ion reduces the intensity of the bismuth colour. Separation of bismuth from copper can be effected by extraction of the bismuth as dithizonate by treatment in ammoniacal potassium cyanide solution with a 0.1 per cent solution of dithizone in chloroform if lead is present, shaking of the chloroform solution of lead and bismuth dithizonates with a buffer solution of pH 3.4 results in the lead alone passing into the aqueous phase. The bismuth complex is soluble in a pentan-l-ol-ethyl acetate mixture, and this fact can be utilised for the determination in the presence of coloured ions, such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, and uranium. 

Platinum catalysts were prepared by ion-exchange of activated charcoal. A powdered support was used for batch experiments (CECA SOS) and a granular form (Norit Rox 0.8) was employed in the continuous reactor. Oxidised sites on the surface of the support were created by treatment with aqueous sodium hypochlorite (3%) and ion-exchange of the associated protons with Pt(NH3)42+ ions was performed as described previously [13,14]. The palladium catalyst mentioned in section 3.1 was prepared by impregnation, as described in [8]. Bimetallic PtBi/C catalysts were prepared by two methods (1) bismuth was deposited onto a platinum catalyst, previously prepared by the exchange method outlined above, using the surface redox reaction ... 

The amount of precipitated bismuth decreased as the concentration of bismuth salt increased (Table 9.16) and the duration of sonication required to bring about hydrolysis also increased. The initial reaction was spontaneous as per Eq. (9.111), which, however, seemed to be facilitated by ultrasonic cavitation at high concentration of bismuth. Since the H+ ions were also produced during the formation of bismuthyl ion, at the point where the sum of concentration of H+ ions present initially and formed by Eq. (9.110) was equal to the concentration required to shift the equilibrium of Eq. (9.111) towards left side, the hydrolysis did not occur even after sonication. 

SWV was used for the investigation of charge transfer kinetics of dissolved zinc(II) ions [215-218] and uranyl-acetylacetone [219], cadmium(II)-NTA [220] and mthenium(III)-EDTA complexes [221], and the mechanisms of electrode reactions of bismuth(III) [222], europium(III) [223,224] and indium(III) ions [225], 8-oxoguanine [226] and selenium(IV) ions [227,228]. It was also used for the speciation of zinc(II) [229,230], cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions in various matrices [231-235]. 

The enhancement of SWV net peak current caused by the reactant adsorption on the working electrode surface was utilized for detection of chloride, bromide and iodide induced adsorption of bismuth(III), cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions on mercury electrodes [236-243]. An example is shown in Fig. 3.13. The SWV net peak currents of lead(II) ions in bromide media are enhanced in the range of bromide concentrations in which the nentral complex PbBr2 is formed in the solntion [239]. If the simple electrode reaction is electrochemically reversible, the net peak cnnent is independent of the composition of supporting electrolyte. So, its enhancement is an indication that one of the complex species is adsorbed at the electrode snrface. 

Unnilseptium, or bohrium, is artificially produced one atom at a time in particle accelerators. In 1976 Russian scientists at the nuclear research laboratories at Dubna synthesized element 107, which was named unnilseptium by lUPAC. Only a few atoms of element 107 were produced by what is called the cold fusion process wherein atoms of one element are slammed into atoms of a different element and their masses combine to form atoms of a new heavier element. Researchers did this by bombarding bismuth-204 with heavy ions of chromium-54 in a cyclotron. The reaction follows Bi-209 + Cr-54 + neutrons = (fuse to form) Uns-262 + an alpha decay chain. 

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