BIOPOLYMERS ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

ALCOHOLS,HIGHERALIPHATIC - SURVEY AND NATURALALCOHOLSMANUFACTURE] (Voll) -use in cyclodextrin formation [BIOPOLYMERS - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES] (V ol 4)... 

Biomolecule Separations. Advances in chemical separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) and sedimentation field flow fractionation (sfff) allow for the isolation of nanogram quantities of amino acids and proteins, as weU as the characterization of large biomolecules (63—68) (see Biopolymers, analytical techniques). The two aforementioned techniques, as weU as chromatography and centrifugation, ate all based upon the differential migration of materials. Trends in the area of separations are toward the manipulation of smaller sample volumes, more rapid purification and analysis of materials, higher resolution of complex mixtures, milder conditions, and higher recovery (69). 

Chromatography is a technique for separating and quantifying the constituents of a mixture. Separation techniques are essential for the characterization of the mixtures that result from most chemical processes. Chromatographic analysis is used in many areas of science and engineering in environmental studies, in the analysis of art objects, in industrial quahty control (qv), in analysis of biological materials, and in forensics (see Biopolymers, analytical TECHNIQUES FiNE ART EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION FoRENSic CHEMISTRY). Most chemical laboratories employ one or more chromatographs for routine analysis (1). 

Chiral Chromatography. Chiral chromatography is used for the analysis of enantiomers, most useful for separations of pharmaceuticals and biochemical compounds (see Biopolymers, analytical techniques). There are several types of chiral stationary phases those that use attractive interactions, metal ligands, inclusion complexes, and protein complexes. The separation of optical isomers has important ramifications, especially in biochemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry, where one form of a compound may be bioactive and the other inactive, inhibitory, or toxic. 

Electrodes may also be rendered selective to more complex analytes using enzyme or other overcoats (see Biopolymers, analytical techniques Biosensors). The enzyme converts the analyte into a detectable ion or gas. Glucose and blood urea nitrogen sensors can be made in this way. 

In addition to being necessary for all forms of life, biopolymers, especially enzymes (proteins), have found commercial applications in various analytical techniques (see Automated instrumentation, clinical chemistry Automated instrumentation, hemtatology Biopolymers, analytical techniques Biosensors Immunoassay) in synthetic processes (see Enzyme applications, industrial Enzyme applications in organic synthesis) and in prescribed therapies (see Enzyme applications, THERAPEUTICS IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS Vitamins). Other naturally occurring biopolymers having significant commercial importance are the cellulose (qv) derivatives, eg, cotton (qv) and wood (qv), which are complex polysaccharides. 

Albumin - [BLOOD, ARTIFICIAL] (Vol 4) -clinical assay for [AUTOMATED INSTRUMENTATION - CLINICAL CHEMISTRY] (Vol 3) -detection of [BIOPOLYMERS - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES] (Vol 4) -mineral nutrient carrier [MINERALNUTRIENTS] (Vol 16) -quimdme binding to [CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS] (Vol 5) -role in pharmacokinetics [PHARMACODYNAMICS] (Vol 18) -sex hormone complex [HORMONES - SEX HORMONES] (Vol 13)... 

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