Biomedical materials design

As biomedical materials are becoming more advanced and sophisticated, advanced techniques of combinatorial chemistry and molecular design are becoming of utmost importance in order to achieve better design and... 

Artificial materials designed for the biomedical use should be biocompatible, i.e. free of adverse effects on cells and tissues, such as cytotoxicity, immimogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Biocompatible materials can be constructed as bioinert, i.e. not allowing adsorption of proteins and adhesion of... 

Multifaceted aspects of research on biomedical polymers are shown in Table 1. End-use devices are manufactured starting from their original concept. To approach the target, materials design is carried out so that the materials can exhibit the desirable property when they are brought into contact with any particular biological element. Fundamental studies are carried out in order to elucidate structure-property relationships in the interaction of materials with biological elements. 

Most biomedical materials are used in constant contact with living systems, such as blood, cells, and tissues. Since the material surface can undergo unfavorable biological responses when in contact with a recipient, most of the conventional surfaces need to be modified so that the materials can function as designed. 

Hickey T, Kreutzer D, Burgess DJ, Moussy F. In vivo evaluation of a dexamethasone/ PLGA microsphere system designed to suppress the inflammatory tissue response to implantable medical devices. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2002, 61, 180-187. 

The design of complex macromolecular architectures has become a particular focus in polymer science. Some of these architectures possess unique properties, which makes them interesting candidates for specialty applications in nanostructured and biomedical materials such as block and branched copolymers. In particular the advent of controlled radical polymerization techniques provided convenient synthetic pathways to realize polymer architectures (1-3). 

Kikuchi, A. and Okano, T. 2005. Nanostructured designs of biomedical materials Apphcations of cell sheet engineering to functional regenerative tissues and organs. J Control Release. 101 69—84. 

Puppi, D., Zhang, X.M., Yang, L.K., ChieUini, F., Sun, X., ChieUini, E., 2014. Nano/micro-fibrous polymeric constructs loaded with bioactive agents and designed for tissue engineering applications a review. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B-AppUed Biomaterials 102 (7), 1562-1579. 

However, in the last decade the main application of bacterial cellulose has been in the biomedical materials field [13,46,55-57], Due to its unique nanostructure and properties, microbial cellulose is a nattnal candidate for numerous medical and tissue-engineered apphcations. In fact, much work has already been focused on designing ideal biomedical devices from BNC, such as artificial skin, blood vessels, cornea, urethra, bone, cartilage, porcine knee menisci, and heart valve prosthesis as well as deliveries of drug, hormone and protein [58-62], Figure 2,5 illustrates some of the prospects for the various biomedical applications of BNC-based materials. 

Chesnutt, BM., Viano, AM., Yuan, YL. et al. 2009. Design and characterization of a novel chitosan/nanocrys-taUine calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 88A 491-502. 

R591 D. Xu, N. Zhou and J. Shen, Spectrum Analysis Methods of Protein Adsorption and Design of Biomedical Materials , Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 2010, 30, 3281. 

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