Biomass manure production

Variability of manure production is described in Smil, V. 1983. Biomass Energies. New York Plenum Press, pp. 324-340. 

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

Some other experiments at various scales and using distinct organic waste sources have been carried out. Volumes between 0. lm3 and 10,000 m3 were used. In every experiment the methane production increased. Best results were obtained with pig manure. In this case the biogas production increased to 200 %. The experiments thus proved that it was possible to increase the gas production using intensified microbiological biomass decomposition. 

Several workers recommended a promising strategy by boosting the bioremediation of contaminated soil with cheap biomass products such as alfalfa, sawdust, chopped potato waste, apple pomace, cow and chicken manure, straw, or molasses in compost systems [215, 415-417]. These applications have led to transformations of TNT of more than 95% [414,415, 417] and were often accompanied by detoxification effects [414,418]. 

Biomass Energy Institute, "Biogas Production from Animal Manure, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1978. 

Various catalysts were examined to increase the products obtained from thermochemical reaction of biomass. Appell and co-workers demonstrated that solid organic materials, including urban refuse, agricultural wastes, wood and bovine manure, can be converted directly to heavy fuel oil in the presence of a catalyst such as sodium carbonate. Since then, a great number of works have been reported on the direct liquefaction of biomass in the presence of suitable catalysts. Recent publication, the addition of Na2C03 greatly increased the reaction rate. Minowa et... 

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