Biological systems, scanning electrochemical

B.R. Horrocks and G. Wittstock, Biological systems. In A.J. Bard and M.V. Mirkin (Eds.), Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, 2001, pp. 445-519. 

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Applied to Biological Systems... 

Chemical imaging of biological systems with the scanning electrochemical microscope. Bioelectrochemistry 63(l-2) 207-215. doi 10.1016/j. 

In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been applied increasingly to the study of biological systems. In contrast to Chapter 10, which focused on the biotechnological applications of SECM, Chapter 12 describes SECM studies performed on living systems. 

Shiku, H., Ohya, H., Matsue, T. Scanning electrochemical microscopy applied to biological systems. In Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry. Bard, A. J., Stratmann, M. (Eds.). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2001, pp. 257-275. 

Experimental approaches to bioelectrochemical systems include other techniques which introduce new environments for interfacial bioelectrochemical function. Introduction of single-crystal, atomically planar electrode surfaces has opened a basis for the use of the scanning probe microscopies, STM and AFM, also for biological macromolecules. Importantly this extends to the electrochemical STM mode where electrochemical surfaces, adsorbate molecules, and now also biological macromolecules can be mapped directly in their natural aqueous environment, with full electrochemical potential control in situ STM and... 

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