Biological and chemical processes

The development and application of the CPHMD method demonstrate that simulations are capturing physical reality at increasing resolution. With the explosion in computing technologies, we are just at the beginning of a new era, where in silico experimentation becomes an indispensable complement to wet lab experiments in exploring unanswered questions related to a wide variety of biological and chemical processes. 

Henze, M., P. Harremoes, J. la Cour Jansen, andE. Arvin (1995), Wastewater Treatment — Biological and Chemical Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York/Berlin, p. 383. 

Characklis, W.G., W.C. Lee, and S. Okabe (1990), Kinetics and stoichiometry of planktonic and biofilm (sessile) sulfate-reducing bacteria, report of Inst. Biological and Chemical Process Analysis, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 

The removal of C02 from the atmosphere takes place through biological and chemical processes in the oceans, which may take decades or centuries. Climate changes modify the mixing processes in the oceans. 

Chlorinated micropoUutants are harmful for man and environment due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Persistent compounds are very stable and difficult to get metabolized and mineralized by biological and chemical processes in the environment, and as a result, they have become ubiquitous in water, sediments, and the atmosphere bioaccumulation is the result of the lipophilicity of these compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) are not produced purposely like many of other chlorinated technical products, such as chlorinated biocides DDT, lindane, and toxaphene. The production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the dirty dozen has now been banned worldwide by the Stockholm protocol. It should be mentioned that about 3000 halogenated products have now been isolated as natural products in plants, microorganisms, and animals," but the total amount of these products is much smaller compared to xenobiotics. 

Several shipboard experiments were conducted in an attempt to determine the relative importance of biological and chemical processes in the decay of H202. A water sample from 2.8 m (North Basin) was heated to 62-65 °C for 30 min, and the decay of H202 was measured. In a parallel experiment, water from 15.3 m was boiled for 10 min and the H202 con-... 

Can chemical imaging provide insights into biological and chemical processes that inform each other ... 

Fig.l. Biologic and chemical processes for production of R3HB in natural and recombinant bacteria. PhaA,P-ketothiolase PhaB,acetoacetyl-CoA reductase PhaC, PHA synthase Ptb, phosphotransbutyrylase Buk, butyratekinase TCA, tricarboxylic acid. 

To within a few percent, conservative elements in seawater have constant concentration salinity ratios. That is, their concentrations are not greatly affected by processes other than precipitation and evaporation the same processes that control salinity in the ocean. This definition is of course operational since the ability to determine the effect of biological and chemical processes on concentration depends on the accuracy and precision of the measurement method. Elements of high concentration tend to be conservative because they are relatively unreactive however, conservative elements are present in all concentration ranges because some of them are both low in crustal abundance and relatively unreactive. There are of course... 

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