Biological and Chemical Indicators

Biological and chemical indicators used alone are not acceptable as proof that a sterilization process has been effective. They will show when sterilization has failed, but not necessarily prove that the process has been successful. 

Biological and chemical indicators used alone are not acceptable as proof of sterility. 

Emergency Response to Biological Agents or Weapons Attack Indicators/Biological and Chemical... 

Preformulation testing provides a basic dossier on the compound and plays a significant role in identifying possible problems and suitable approaches to formulation. Such dossiers already exist for the common excipients. The requirement for aqueous solubility is paramount and preformulation can identify salt forms that are appropriate for further development. Stability and solubility studies wiU indicate the feasibility of various types of formulation such as parenteral liquids and their probable shelf lives. Similar information can be garnered for solid products from the solid physical properties. By performing these studies on a series of candidate compounds, the optimum compound can be identified and further biological and chemical studies guided to provide the best results. 

Little is known of the biological and chemical behavior of the fluorodichloromethyl derivatives. Rio-tolysis of dichlofluanid results in the formation of N,N-dimethyl-N -phenylsulphamide, phenyl isocyanate and isothiocyanates and dimethylamidosulfonyl chloride GC-MS analysis also indicates the presence of bis-(fluorodichloromethyl) disulfide and two ketones, the latter being artifacts arising from the solvent, acetone. Dichlofluanid metabolism in plants yields N,N-dimethyl-N -phenylsulphamide (1 6), but nothing is... 

The emphasis on microbiology inspired by Pasteur focused interest on the roles that microorganisms have in the transformations of organic debris in the soil environment. Several studies—for example, those by vonPost (1862), Darwin (1881), Muller (1887), and Ramann (1888)—indicated that the genesis of humus is a biological, and not a chemical, process. That initiated the biological and chemical studies... 

CBIRF s mission statement indicates that it has capabilities for nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) detection, identification, and reconnaissance casualty extraction casualty decontamination technical rescue provision of medical trauma supplies and explosive ordnance disposal. It works best if it can be pre-positioned. Its strengths include these ... 

Ricin as a potential biological threat agent has received much popular press. In 2003, suspects were arrested in London for making ricin from castor seed in their apartment (Risen and van Natta 2003). The popular press has speculated that if ricin were made, it could be used to contaminate food in military mess halls. All of these instances indicate that biological and chemical materials may be a potential terrorist weapon to compromise the safety of the military and civilian food supply or other vulnerable areas. Given the extreme toxicity of ricin, the relative ease with which it can be obtained, and the fact that references to its use have been discovered in terrorist haunts, the ability to accurately and precisely detect ricin is a critical need. 

In addressing these problems, the Euro-limpacs project aims to assess how current chemical, biological and functional indicator systems need to be modified to be suitable for climate change monitoring. To do this it is necessary to ... 

The Standard presents two groups of requirements for drinking water quality bacteriological and biological, and chemical and physical requirements. They are classified into permissible and rated indicators. 

The most characteristic feature of the South African biological (and chemical) terrorism program was undoubtedly the development, testing, and utilization of a wide array of hard-to-trace agents to assassinate enemies of the state [143]. As insider testimony and the notorious sales list of 1989 (Telemedicine Research Center document 52) indicate, several of the highly poisonous substances produced at both Delta G and Roodeplaat Research Laboratories (ad hoc front companies)... 

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