Biogas from Waste

Iron-only hydrogenases have been isolated from several microorganisms [20, 21] and shown to be able both to produce and to consume dihydrogen. 

It has also been shown that in some microorganisms, such as Desulfomicrobium baculatum, a cycteine-S has been replaced by a cysteine-SE [24], giving rise to a trinudear [FeNiSe] hydrogenase. 

The mechanism of action has been studied by several authors [20, 25] and the involvement of an Ni(III)-Ni(II)-Ni(0) system has been proposed. Ni and Fe enzymes apparently have a different role in H2 production and consumption. In 

N i and Fe are equally involved in the synthesis of the acetyl moiety from CO2 [26-28], whereas Co (as cobalamin) is well known to act as a carrier of methyl groups. 

All the results sho v that before the addition of the metals, both the reactor and control have the same or very close CH4 C02 ratio, vhich varies vith the 

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Deublein D, Steinhauser A. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2008. 

Deublein, D., Steinhauser, A. (2008). Biogas from waste and renewable resources. Weinheim WiUey-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. 

The MCFC power plants are generally expected to be stationary applications with high efficiency. Clean natural gas, biogas from waste water (digester gas), and gasified biomass or coal are expected as a fuel. The plant capacity is sub-MW to several MW class as a distributed generators and is several hundred MW as a centralized station with coal gasifier in future. 

Deublein D, Steinhauser A (2011) Biogas from waste and renewable resom-ces. an introduction. Wiley-VCH, Wienheim... 

BIOGAS A process for generating methane from wastes and biomass. Developed by the Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, since 1970, and demonstrated at Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL, in 1990. See also Biogas. 

In energy chains related to the provision of CMG, several GHG-emission relevant credits need to be taken into account. Biogas from municipal organic waste is credited for its fertilising effect, accounting for savings of 0.54 g of synthetic nitrogen... 

Environmental pollution is the subject of many political and social discussions in the Netherlands. This is mainly caused by the concentration of the animal husbandry farms close to the villages and cities. There are technical treatments of air and slurry to decrease the odour of it. Anaerobic digestion is one of these. This technology is known from biogasproduction. Most countries in the western world have studied this possibility for renewable energy. A lot of technical problems are solved but on most places it is not possible to produce biogas from farm waste to a competitive price. What is the feasibility for biogas production if there is a need for reduction of the odour emission on the farm ... 

The use of landfill gas and biogas from sewage sludge will develop dynamically in the nearest years. After 2010 it is expected the increase in biogas production from animal husbandry waste. In 2030 total utilization of biogas will amount to 10.2 TWh, and by 2050 it will achieve 17.4 TWh/year. 

Lehtomaki, A., Feedstocks for anaerobic digestion, in Biogas from Energy Crops andAgro Wastes, Jyvaskyla Summer School, Jyvaskyla, Finland, August 2005, http //www.cropgen.soton.ac.uk/publication/ AL%20Feedstocks.pdf. 

In order to prevent SO2 emission, H2S has to be removed from gas streams prior to combustion. Apart from environmental reasons, removal of H2S from waste gas streams is also required for health reasons (H2S is a toxic gas, lethal at concentrations exceeding 600 ppm) and to prevent corrosion of equipment. Gases that can contain H2S and need treatment are, for instance, natural gas, syngas and biogas (formed in anaerobic wastewater treatment). 

Production of biogas, i. e. methane, from waste materials,... 

Sunlight can be concentrated with mirrors and used to achieve ultra-high temperatures that are otherwise only achievable using electricity or nuclear power. The use of such renewable solar-thermal processing has significant potential in the desert southwest United States (AZ, CA, CO, NM, NV, and UT) for heating specialized chemical reactors to produce H2 from NG, biogas, or waste landfill gas. 

Baubeau, P. L., M. Heguy, and J. Gitton. 1990. Biogas from municipal landfills. Energy Biomass Wastes 13 1209-50. 

There are two main ways to utiHze the waste sohds - either compost them or convert them into useful products. Since composts often have relatively httle value, the second route is preferable. Mehta et al. [224] cultivated Pleurotus florida on rice straw to produce mushrooms. They used the waste sohd for biogas production. In fact they noted that the growth of the fungus increased the production of biogas from the straw. Singh et al. [225], in reviewing the traditional production of mushrooms from cereal straws in Asia, pointed out that residues are often used as animal feeds. However, the acceptance of the residue by ruminants varied with the type of mushroom produced. 

Biogas production [9]. It has been estimated that the installation of a plant to produce biogas from human waste has a negative NPV of 2.8 million in an evaluation horizon of 8 years and at an annual interest rate of 6 %. To make the installation profitable, the project engineer proposes to sell dry biol as fertilizer, which requires an additional investment of 600,000 for the purchase of two thickeners, 2.2 million for the installation of dryers, and 1,000,000 for the purchase of additional land. Further, it will be necessary to hire an extra worker at a salary of 5,000 per month. This is expected to earn extra revenue of 1.96 million per year. Determine the NPV resulting from the sale of the dry biol fertilizer coupled with biogas production. 

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