Biodegradation of lignin

Clayton NE, Srinivasan VR (1981) Biodegradation of Lignin by Candida spp. Naturwis-... 

Quinone/Hydroquinone Formation. In studies on biodegradation of lignin models with ligninolytic cultures of P. chrysosporium (and other fungi), a number of quinones and hydroquinones were isolated. In other studies their formation has been implied from the isolation of their structural counterparts (29,30), where rapid fungal degradation of the quinones prevented their isolation. Various routes to these metabolic intermediates exist, which have been extensively reviewed (26,27). 

Johansson E, Krantz-Riilcker C, Zhang BX, Oberg G (2000) Chlorination and Biodegradation of Lignin. Soil Biol Biochem 32 1029... 

Sensitized photolysis mainly involves the photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM), consisting of water-dissolved organic compounds that usually derive from the microbiological transformation of animal and plant spoils. A very important role is played in this context by humic and fulvic acids and in particular by their aromatic/quinonoid moieties, which mainly arise from the biodegradation of lignin and are considerably photoactive [8],... 

Pellinen J, Salkinoja-Salonen M (1986) Characterization and biodegradability of lignin-containing wastewater from forest industry. In Bjorseth A, Angeletti G (eds) Organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. D Reidel, Dordrecht, 354-362... 

Jeffries T. W. (1994) Biodegradation of lignin and hemi-ceUuloses. In Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation (ed. C. Ratledge). Kluwer Academic, pp. 233-277. 

Johansson E., Kranz-Rulcker C., Zhang B. X., and Oberg G. (2000) Chlorination and biodegradation of lignin. Soil Biol. 

Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the Biodegradation of Lignin. Lignin is an abundant, naturally occurring polymer whose function in nature is to provide structural support to woody plants (8). Its formation iji vivo is catalyzed by the free radical oxidative polymerization of clnnamyl alcohols (8). Because the type and quantity of clnnamyl alcohols may vary and because its biosynthesis occurs via a non-stereospeclfIc free radical mechanism, the lignin polymer is a racemic heteropolymer whose structure varies from species to species (8). The lack of an ordered and repeating structure coupled with the racemic nature of the polymer (8) combine to make lignin resistant to attack by most enzyme systems. 

MikulkSovd, M., KoSikovd, B. Biodegradability of lignin-polypropylene composite films. Folia Microbiol. 44(6), 669-672 (1999)... 

Robert D., Chen C.-L., Biodegradation of lignin in sprace wood by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Quantitative aneilysis of biodegraded spruce lignins by C NMR spectroscopy, Holzforschung, 43,1989,323-332. 

Jeffries TW. (1990). Biodegradation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Biodegradation, 1(2), 163-176. 

In nature biodegradation of lignin is mediated and effected by a group of enzymes, among them laccases and peroxidases [494,495]. Like cellulose, however, lignins cannot be digested by enzymatic machinery present in the human organism. 

Milstein, O., Gersonde, R., Huttermann, A., Chen, M.J. and Meister, J.J. (1996) Fungal Biodegradation of Lignin Graft Copolymers from Ethene Monomers,... 

Hatakka A (2001), Biodegradation of lignin , in Hofrichter M and Steinbiichel A, Biopolymers 1, Lignin, Humic Substances and Coal, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 129-180. 

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