Biodegradability/biodegradation

BIODG Biodegradation Biodegradation uses microorganisms to break down organic compounds to make a waste less toxic... 

Primary biodegradation — Biodegradation to the minimum extent necessary to change the identity of the compound... 

Ultimate biodegradation — Biodegradation to (a) water, (b) carbon dioxide, and (c) inorganic compounds (if elements other than C, H, and O are present)... 

Biodegradation biodegradation t,/2 = 7 h by Alcaligenes sp. strain Y-42 from lake sediments (Furukawa Matsumara 1976 selected, Pal et al. 1980) ... 

Biodegradation biodegradation t/2 168-672 h and anaerobic t/2 = 672-2688 h, based on aerobic acclimated and unacclimated groundwater die-away test data (Lee et al. 1984 quoted, Ward et al. 1986 Howard et al. 1991) nonautoclaved groundwater samples at hazardous waste site with a concentration of approximate 0.09 mg/L are degraded by microbes at rates about 30% per week while the levels of the controls decreased only about half that rate (Lee et al. 1984). 

Matrix, binder Matrix, membrane Matrix, membrane Matrix, membrane Matrix, membrane Adhesive/matrix Bioerodible Biodegradable Biodegradable... 

Chemical degradation reactions, primarily reaction with hydroxyl radicals, limit the atmospheric residence time of benzene to only a few days, and possibly to only a few hours. Benzene released to soil or waterways is subject to volatilization, photooxidation, and biodegradation. Biodegradation, principally under aerobic conditions, is the most important environmental fate process for water- and soil-associated benzene. 

Biodegradation biodegradation rate constant k = 0.015-0.020 h in 30 mg/L activated sludge after a time lag of 5-10 h (Urano Kato 1986)... 

Biodegradation biodegradation first-order rate of hydroxylation of 0.008 min by Pseudomonas putida FI (Spain et al. 1989 quoted, Neilson et al. 1991). 

Vinyl acetate is expected to have a short half-life in environmental media. If released to soil, it will either volatilize or be hydrolyzed in the presence of soil moisture. If released to air, it is expected to degrade by reacting with either hydroxyl radicals or ozone. If released to water, vinyl acetate is likely to either volatilize to the atmosphere or undergo hydrolysis and biodegradation. Biodegradation of vinyl acetate is known to occur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 

Factors that control the fate and transport of organic compounds in aquatic systems include photolysis, hydrolysis, sorption, hydrodynamics, and biodegradation. Biodegradation is the least well understood of these processes, primarily because it is difficult to predict the effects of adaptation, or acclimation, of microbial populations in response to specific compounds. 

Biodegradation Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by natural populations of microorganisms (such as many species of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts) represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants are eliminated from the environment. The biodegradation of petroleum and other hydrocarbons in the environment is a long-term complex process, whose quantitative and qualitative aspects depend on the type, nature and amount of the oil or hydrocarbon present, the ambient and seasonal environmental conditions (such as temperature, oxygen, nutrients, water activity, sahnity, and pH), and the composition of the autochthonous microbial community. 

Biodegradation. Biodegradation is well known to influence some northern Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon accumulations (e.g. Whelan et al. 1993 ... 

Xu R, Obbard JR (2004). Bioremediation and biodegradation. Biodegradation of polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated beach sediments treated with nutrient amendments./owma/ of Environmental Quality 33 861-867. 

Biodegradability is the potential of a material to be biodegraded. Biodegradability of a material shall be specified and measured by standard test methods in order to determine its classification with respect to specific environmental conditions. 

The second classification relates to the extent of fibre biodegradability. Biodegradable fibres are those which are absorbed by the body within 2-3 months after implantation and they include cotton, viscose rayon, polyamide, polyurethane, collagen, and alginate. Fibres that are slowly absorbed within the body and take more... 

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