Biochemical reactions energy transformations

Biosensors will thus include a recognition element of biological nature, that allows the selective recognition of the analyte in the course of a biochemical reaction (chemical transduction), and an energy transducer (stemming from the latin word transducere, to lead across) that transforms... 

These three biochemical reactions are catalyzed by hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), and 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), respectively. The EC numbers are from Enzyme Nomenclature (Webb, 1992). The first step is to write the conservation matrix for this reaction system at specified pH because that will show how to calculate the further transformed Gibbs energies of formation at specified [ATP] and [ADP]. 

A number of biochemical reactions involve proteins as reactants, and so it is important to be able to determine the standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation of their reactive sites at specified pH. The standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation of the active sites of ferredoxin, cytochrome c, and thioredoxin are given in tables discussed earlier in Chapter 4. 

The change in binding of hydrogen ions in a biochemical reaction can be calculated from the derivative of the standard transformed Gibbs energy of... 

Statistical mechanics is often thought of as a way to predict the thermodynamic properties of molecules from their microscopic properties, but statistical mechnics is more than that because it provides a complementary way of looking at thermodynamics. The transformed Gibbs energy G for a biochemical reaction system at specified pH is given by... 

Equilibrium compositions of systems of biochemical reactions can be calculated using the following two programs. The first was written by Fred Krambeck (Mobil Research and Development) and the second was written by Krambeck and Alberty. The Newton-Raphson method is used to iterate to the composition with the lowest possible Gibbs energy or transformed Gibbs energy. 

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