Bioceramic mineralogy

Tailoring of microstructure and localized composition is open for research. Thus, this chapter concentrates on the development of suitable bioceramic mineralogy, rather than the microstructure. 

Naturally occurring phosphate cements are also known. Krajewski [3] cites calcium-based phosphate cements in the Albeian condensed Glauconitic Limestone of the Tatra Mountains in Western Carpathians. In recent years methods have been developed to fabricate calcium phosphate ceramics by direct reaction of calcium compounds and either phosphoric acid or an acid phosphate. The mineralogy of the products has also been well studied. Most of these efforts are directed towards development of calcium-based bioceramics containing calcium phosphate compounds, such as hydroxyapatite. These developments are discussed below. 

The last five chapters of the book are devoted to major applications of CBPCs. Chapter 14 covers CBPC matrix composites that are finding commercial applications in the United States. Discussed in Chapter 15 are drilling cements developed mainly by the U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with industrial collaborations. Applications of CBPCs in the stabilization of hazardous and radioactive waste streams are discussed in Chapters 16 and 17. Finally, recent advances in CBPC bioceramics are covered in Chapter 18. Appendixes A, B, and C compile relevant thermodynamic and mineralogy data that were useful in writing the book. They serve as a ready reference to researchers who venture into further development of CBPCs. 

Heimann, R.B. (2002a) Modern bioceramic materials design, testing and clinical application. Engineering Mineralogy of Ceramic Materials, Proceedings of the International School Earth and Planetary Sciences,... 

The specific uses of bioceramics in vivo require their full compatibility with the living tissues. Taking into account the reliability requirements, implantable ceramics, whether massive or in the form of coatings, should be subjected to a number of tests (physical, chemical, mechanical, mineralogical and biological characterization), for ensuring guaranteed performance without failure in future. 

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