Bioadsorbents-based systems

A Holistic Approach to Phytofiltration of Heavy Metals Recent Advances in Rhizofiltration, Constructed Wetlands, Lagoons, and Bioadsorbent-Based Systems... 

Phytofiltration, a specific strategy of phytoremediation, is the use of plants to remove contaminants from water and aqueous waste streams. Three different systems (Figure 10.1) can be considered within this strategy (a) rhizofiltration (the use of hydroponically cultivated plant roots),31112 (b) constructed wetlands (CWs) and lagoons, and (c) bioadsorbents-based systems.1... 

It is worth noting that there are preparation stages of the plant biomass before they can be used for pollutants removal, in the case of rhizofiltration and bioadsorbents-based systems (Figure 10.2), which may increase the investment and operational costs. On the contrary, the lagoons and CWs are designed to process the influents in one single stage. 

Poly-j3-malate is readily degraded completely to L-malic acid under both acid and base conditions [108], and it can also be hydrolyzed by enzymes within the cell [105,106]. Recently, several bacteria were isolated which were able to utilize poly-/i-malate as sole carbon source for growth [109]. Because the polymer is biodegradable and bioadsorbable, it is of considerable interest for pharmaceutical applications, especially in controlled-release drug delivery systems [97,98]. Chemical routes to poly-/ -malate are expected to provide materials with various properties [110]. 

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