Bioactive peptides antioxidant properties

As antioxidant peptides are rarely present in marine invertebrates, they must be released from the parent protein by hydrolysis with enzymes. Various enzymes have been used to release peptides from muscle proteins. To date, different muscle proteins have been extracted, hydrolysed, and their antioxidant activities studied, which is among all invertebrate muscles the most similar to vertebrate skeletal muscle. Various studies have been conducted to investigate the antioxidant properties of hydrolysates or bioactive peptides from marine invertebrate sources like oysters... 

Besides ACE-inhibitory and antioxidative activities, other biological properties have been reported for protein hydrolysates and their associated bioactive peptides. For example, earlier studies demonstrated a hypolipidemic effect of fish protein (Bergeron and Jacques, 1989 Zhang and Beynen, 1993). A recent study by Tanaka et al. (2006) demonstrated production of protein hydrolysates from oyster prepared with aloase, an endoprotease from Bacillus subtilis, and... 

Bioactive peptides released by enzymatic proteolysis of various proteins that act as potential physiological modulators of metabolism during intestinal digestion have been reported in recent reports. These peptides usually contain 3-20 amino acid residues, and their activity depends on their amino acid composition and sequence (Pihlanto-Leppala, 2001). Based on their structural, compositional, and sequential properties, they may exhibit different kinds of bioactivities such as antioxidative (Jimg et al., 2005 Kim et al., 2001), antihypertensive (Suetsima et ah, 2004), and immunomodulatory effects (Qien et al., 1995 Tsuruki et al., 2003). 

Enzymatic glucosylation (the addition of a sugar moiety) and amidalion (the addition of an amine moiety) are two additional approaches that can be employed to alter the properties and functionalities of bioactive compounds (Villeneuve, 2007 Khare et al., 2009). Finally, many reports also describe approaches involving the enzymatic hydrolysis of various proteins to yield bioactive peptides with novel antioxidative, antimicrobial and health-promoting properties (Wei and Chiang, 2009 Zhang et al., 2009). 

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