Bikerman

Bikerman [179] has argued that the Kelvin equation should not apply to crystals, that is, in terms of increased vapor pressure or solubility of small crystals. The reasoning is that perfect crystals of whatever size will consist of plane facets whose radius of curvature is therefore infinite. On a molecular scale, it is argued that local condensation-evaporation equilibrium on a crystal plane should not be affected by the extent of the plane, that is, the crystal size, since molecular forces are short range. This conclusion is contrary to that in Section VII-2C. Discuss the situation. The derivation of the Kelvin equation in Ref. 180 is helpful. 

Bikerman [182] criticized the derivation of Eq. X-18 out of concern for die ignored vertical component of On soft surfaces a circular ridge is raised at the periphery of a drop (see Ref. 67) on harder solids there is no visible effect, but the stress is there. It has been suggested that the contact angle is determined by the balance of surface stresses rather than one of surface free energies, the two not necessarily being the same for a... 

J. J. Bikerman, The Science of Adhesive Joints, Academic, New York, 1961. 

P. Becher, ed.. Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983. J. J. Bikerman, Foams, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1973. 

Generation Spontaneous generation of gas bubbles within a homogeneous liquid is theoreticaUy impossible (Bikerman, Foams Theoiy and Industrial Applications, Reinhold, New York, 1953, p. 10). The appearance of a bubble requires a gas nucleus as avoid in the liquid. The nucleus may be in the form of a small bubble or of a solid carrying adsorbed gas, examples of the latter being dust particles, boiling chips, and a solid wall. A void can result from cavitation, mechan-ic ly or acoustically induced. Blander and Katz [AlChE J., 21, 833 (1975)] have thoroughly reviewed bubble nucleation in liquids. 

The specific ability of certain finely divided, insoluble solids to sta-bihze foam has long been known [Berkman and Egloff, op. cit., p. 133 and Bikerman, op. cit.. Chap. II]. Bartsch [Kolloidchem. Beth, 20, I (1925)] found that the presence of fine galena greatly extended the life of air foam in aqueous isoamyl alcohol, and the finer the sohds, the... 

Foam Breaking It is usually desirable to collapse the overflowing foam. This can be accomphshed by chemical means (Bikerman, op. cit.) if external reflux is not employed or by thermal means [Kishi-moto, Kolloid Z., 192, 66 (1963)] if degradation of the overhead product is not a fac tor. 

Bikerman JJ (1973) Foams Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

Bikerman, J. J., Foams, Theory and Industry Applications, Reinhold, New York,... 

Bikerman, J.J. Foams Springer-Verlag New York, 1973 Chapter 1. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title Inorganic and physical chemistry. (Topics in current chemistry 77) Bibliography p. Includes index. CONTENTS Bikerman, J. J. Surface... 

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