Bikerman test

Bikerman test with a cylindrical column (Sparge tube technique)... 

However, there are potential objections to the use of a one atmosphere foaming experiment. These must be considered to determine the relevance of these experiments to surfactant performance in a formation. Bikerman has stated that in one atmosphere experiments the height and volume of the foam obtained depend on the details of the shaking procedure...and thus cannot be used to characterize the foaminess of a liquid in a (reasonably) absolute manner...the foam heights reproduced are specific for the test procedure selected and have no general validity. (10)... 

Foaminess. A measure of the persistence of a foam (the time an average bubble exists before bursting). Ideally independent of the apparatus and procedure used, and characteristic of the foaming solution being tested. In practice these ideals have not been achieved but some approaches to determining foaminess using dynamic foam stability tests have been reviewed by Bikerman [J3]. See also Dynamic Foam Test. 

A number of researchers " have considered the analysis of the peeling test. Most analyses have involved the peeling of a flexible member from a rigid adherend. One of the first analyses was done by Bikerman. He assumed that both the flexible and rigid substrates behave as perfectly elastic... 

Figure 2.9. The Bikerman method for measuring both the dynamic and equilibrium foam stabilities by using a cylindrical container (a) Schematic of the apparatus (b) dynamic testing from foam volume as a function of gas flow (c) equilibrium testing from foam volume as a function of decay time (note that wall effects may cause scatter in the results obtained)...

This method is useful for the continuous monitoring of drainage rates and the stabilities of foams. The technique is similar to the Bikerman column test, although in this case pairs of silver-or platinum-plated electrodes are situated at different heights in the column. The electrodes are connected to an analog digital converter... 

Figure 13.6 Test of foaming agents using the Bikerman approach, where nitrogen or air is injected through a porous plug and the height of the foam layer is measured over time. The diameter of the cylinder is about 5 cm. (Left) Adapted from Siqiang et al. (2013), with permission from John Wiley Sons, Ltd...

---