Bicyclic structures from

Isoprenyi glyceryl ethers archaeol-like (archaeol Cm-C ), comprising C20-C25 and C25"C25 homologues (an extreme halophilic, thermoacidophilic, and methanogenic Archaea Kates 1993 caldarchaeol-like (caldarchaeol monocyclic C o-C ), comprising bicyclic structures from thermoacidophilic and methanogenic Archaea Kates 1993. (Archaea in bold ce are not meant to be exclusively marine). 

For bicyclic structures the von Baeyer name consists of the prefix bicyclo-, followed in square brackets by the numbers of carbon atoms separating the bridgeheads on the three possible routes from one bridgehead to the other, followed in turn by the name of the alkane (or other homogeneous hydride, or repeating unit hydride) containing the same number of atoms in the chain as the whole bicyclic skeleton (examples 55-57). Replacement nomenclature can be applied to hydrocarbon names (example 58). 

The classic method for controlling stereochemistry is to perform reactions on cyclic substrates. A rather lengthy but nonetheless efficient example in the prostaglandin field uses bicyclic structures for this purpose. Bisacetic acid derivative S is available in five steps from Diels-Alder reaction of trans-piperylene and maleic anhydride followed by side-chain homologation. Bromolactonization locks the molecule as bicyclic intermediate Esterification, reductive dehalogen-... 

The addition of lithium dimethyl-, dibutyl-, diphenyl- or 1-butenylcuprate to 2d produced (JiS) 94% ee, ifiS) 95% ee, (jiR) 96% ec, and ifiR) 90% ee, respectively. In this case the difference between S and R results from the CIP selection rules and not to the steric course of the reactions. The conformation of the chiral auxiliary in 1 d is such that one IV-methyl group is axially, the other equatorially, arranged on the bicyclic structure. The reagents attack the double bond from the side opposite to the equatorial iV-methyl group. Other chiral auxiliaries such as a-c14 were less effective15. 

Loss of ketene from bicyclic structures (e.g., for camphor)... 

Polymerization of 4-bromo-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane 2 7 in dichloromethane solution at —78 °C with phosphorus pentafluoride as initiator gave a 60% yield of polymer having an inherent viscosity of 0.10 dl/g1. Although it is not described explicitly, the monomer used seems to be a mixture of the stereoisomers, 7 7a and 17b, in which the bromine atom is oriented trans and cis, respectively, to the five-membered ring of the bicyclic structure. Recently, the present authors found that pure 17b was very reluctant to polymerize under similar conditions. This is understandable in terms of a smaller enthalpy change from 17b to its polymer compared with that for 17a. In the monomeric states, 17b is less strained than 17a on account of the equatorial orientation of the bromine atom in the former, whereas in the polymeric states, the polymer from 17b is energetically less stable than that from 17a, because the former takes a conformation in which the bromine atom occupies the axial positioa Its flipped conformation would be even more unstable, because the stabilization by the anomeric effect is lost, in addition to the axial orientation of the methylene group. 

From the kinetic viewpoint the polymerizability of 61 is considered to be higher than that of e-caprolactam, which is polymerized usually at temperatures above 135 °C63,64 Thermodynamically, the polymerization of 61 appears to be more favored than that of a-pyrrolidone, for which no polymerization is observed in THF63-65 The higher polymerizability of 61 may be attributed not only to its highly strained bicyclic structure but also to the activation of the anion 66 by the... 

A further test of the stereoelectronic theory of reactivity of phosphate esters has been attempted using measurements of the rates of displacement of 4-nitrophenate from the esters (23) and (24), their phosphorus epimers, and also (25), in aqueous methanol the introduction of the 4a-Me group into the system would, it was hoped, reduce the the flexibility of the bicyclic structures and so possibly eliminate the participation of twist-boat conformations. The presence of the 4a-Me group has no effect of the rate of displacement of the axial ArO group... 

Recently, molecular orbital calculations (MP2/6-31G //RHF/6-31G level) which cover a series of bicyclic systems from the stable bicyclic compound 109 to the unknown 6,8-dioxabicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,4-diene (2,3-epoxyoxepin, 120), as well as the two intermediate 8-oxa- (121) and 6-oxa- derivatives (122), were carried out58. These structures are interesting because the bicycle 120 is suggested as a transient intermediate in the metabolic oxidation of benzene leading to the muconaldehyde, which is responsible for the hema-totoxicity of benzene. 

Most of the useful auxiliaries are chiral amine or alcohol derivatives readily available from the chiral pool, and most of them possess rigid cyclic or bicyclic structures to allow efEcient differentiation of the two competing diastereomorphic transition states. In some cases, additional rigidity was achieved with the aid of an external chelating Lewis acid (entries 6, 10, 12). In certain cases, however, acyclic auxiliaries may also be useful (see entry 15). 

The publication of X-ray structures from 1996 onward has continued and altogether ca. 30 structures have been published. Bond and dihedral angles for the preferred conformation of the 1,3-oxathiane rings are determined by the ring fusion and/or attached substituents thus, published structures were classified as either monocyclic (mono), spiro-substituted (spiro), bicyclic (bi), or tricyclic (tri). For each of the four groups, derivatives were found and a comparison of the experimental bond lengths for the 1,3-oxathiane ring system with representatives of the different classes are... 

Cyclopentyl isoxazolidine cycloadduct 324 was prepared by intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition by Baldwin et al. (280,281,352,353) as part of studies toward a total synthesis of pretazettine (Scheme 1.69). Related adducts have been prepared elsewhere (354—356) including fluorine-substituted carbocycles (357) and the adducts prepared by lOAC by Shipman and co-workers (333,334) who demonstrated their potential as a route to aminocyclopentitols (Scheme 1.66, Section 1.11.2). Such bicyclic structures have been prepared in rather unique intermolecular fashion by Chandrasekhar and co-workers (357a) from the cycloaddition of C,N-diphenyl nitrone to fulvene (325). 

When the stereogenic center is situated at the allylic position, as in nitroethyl ethers derived from 5,6-unsaturated nitro compounds, only the endo-isomer (trans) of the bicyclic structure was formed (Scheme 6.45) (256). 

Figure 6.11 Structures of 1,3-didehydrobenzene (m-benzyne) from experiment and RHF calculations. Because of its tendency to overemphasize bonding interactions, RHF optimization results in a bicyclic structure. While the RHF error in bond length is very large, it should be noted that the bond-stretching coordinate is known to be very flat (for very detailed analyses on the sensitivity of this system to different theoretical levels, see Kraka et al. 2001 and Winkler and Sander 2001)...

In line with the discussion given in Section II.E, three different structures are possible (Scheme 14), namely a classical bicyclic structure 45a that can benefit from cyclopropyl homoconjugation, then a classical monocyclic open structure 45c, that should possess normal conjugation of a cyclopolyene, and finally a non-classical no-bond homoaromatic structure 45b with a cyclic 67t electron system formed by 1,7 through-space interactions. 

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