Biaxially aligned

Figure 2. The X ray pole figure of YBa2Cu307 x (103) peak for the film grown on biaxially aligned YSZ layer deposited by IBAD.

Fig. 21 Experimental geometry and schematics of the aligned PF2/6 films. Above-. Uniaxi-ally aligned frozen-in nematic PF2/6 microstructures. Below Biaxially aligned hexagonal PF2/6 microstructures with crystallite types I—III. Assuming chain alignment (i.e., the c axis) along the rubbing direction, then the equatorial and meridional directions may be defined by the (xyO) plane and z-axis, respectively. See [114,115] for details...

S. Mahieu, P. Ghekiere. D. Depla, and R. D. Gryse, Biaxial alignment in sputter deposited thin films. Thin Solid Films 515, 1229 (2006). 

Figure 5-7. Orientation process for biaxially aligned samples, with n being the main director and b the secondary director, (a) Homeotropically oriented sample, polydomain with respect to b (b) tilted structure in the presence of the magnetic field H, biaxially aUgned c) relaxed biaxial structure without the magnetic field. Figure adapted from [9]...

The most common examples of uniaxially oriented materials include fibers, films, and sheets hot-stretched in one direction and composites containing fibers all aligned in one direction. Some injection-molded objects are also primarily uniaxially oriented, but most injection-molded objects have a complex anisotropy that varies from point to point and is a combination of uniaxial and biaxial orientation. 

Scattering media to which this matrix applies include randomly oriented anisotropic spheres of substances such as calcite or crystalline quartz (uniaxial) or olivine (biaxial). Also included are isotropic cylinders and ellipsoids of substances such as glass and cubic crystals. An example of an exactly soluble system to which (13.21) applies is scattering by randomly oriented isotropic spheroids (Asano and Sato, 1980). Elements of (13.21) off the block diagonal vanish. Some degree of alignment is implied, therefore, if these matrix elements... 

Fig. 26. Computed minimum value of the magnetic field Hm necessary to align the saturation value of magnetization along the hard axis as a function of biaxial strain component for two values of the hole concentrations in Gao.95Mno.05As. The symbol (100) - 1001) means that the easy axis is along IOO], so that Hun is applied along [001] (Dietl et al. 2001c).

An interesting similarity of what we discussed here appears if one deals with mixtures of rodlike and disklike micelles. These systems could behave very similarly to a truly biaxial nematic, but show interesting differences to them. Whereas for the usual orthorhombic biaxial nematics both directors are perpendicular to each other by construction, in mixtures there is no need to impose this restriction. Pleiner and Brand [70] investigated how mixtures are influenced by an external field (magnetic field or shear flow) and found that the angle between the two directors exhibits a flow aligning behavior similar to the one studied in [42,43],... 

Studies involving fluid shear, hydrostatic compression, biaxial and uniaxial stretch, or a combination of two or more of these factors indicate that fluid shear is a major factor affecting bone cell metabolism and cells subjected to mechanical stress reshape and align themselves with their long axis perpendicular to the axis of force. Cells also exhibited remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and increases in PKC levels, processes thought to be involved in the early phase of mechanochemical transduction. 

Oligomeric phenylacetylene liquid crystalline derivatives capable of exhibiting a biaxial liquid crystal phase have been prepared. When these agents were functionalized with the polymerizable group 4-(4-acryloyloxybutyloxy)benzoic acid and then coated onto an alignment film and polymerized. An optically anisotropic retardation film was produced. 

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