Biased designs

Non-Redundant Sets of Side Chains Biased Design for Optimization... 

The designs are then sorted by the diversity scores (log jX Xj), as in Table 3,to critique the tradeoff between bias, synthetic ease, and diversity. The object is to find synthetically feasible biased designs with high diversity and pharmacophore focus, and low molecular weight. Unbiased design 1 was made by taking all 35 substituents from the All candidate bin. Its score of 150.9 is used... 

There are a few variations on this procedure called importance sampling or biased sampling. These are designed to reduce the number of iterations required to obtain the given accuracy of results. They involve changes in the details of how steps 3 and 5 are performed. For more information, see the book by Allen and Tildesly cited in the end-of-chapter references. 

Almost all vendors and manufacturers of process equipment use computer programs in designing and rating the equipment that they make. Such programs are made available to the purchasers of their equipment, often as a service or at a minimal cost. From an engineering point of view, some of these programs are biased in favor of the vendor s equipment. 

There are four overall guidehnes that analysts should keep in mind. They must recognize the difficulties associated with the limited number and accuracy of the data, overcome the plant operation mythologies, overcome the designers and controllers biases and, finally, override the analysts own prejudices. The following four overall guidelines assist in overcoming the hurdles to proper plant performance. 

Overview Reconciliation adjusts the measurements to close constraints subject to their uncertainty. The numerical methods for reconciliation are based on the restriction that the measurements are only subject to random errors. Since all measurements have some unknown bias, this restriction is violated. The resultant adjusted measurements propagate these biases. Since troubleshooting, model development, ana parameter estimation will ultimately be based on these adjusted measurements, the biases will be incorporated into the conclusions, models, and parameter estimates. This potentially leads to errors in operation, control, and design. 

These are protection CTs lor special applications such as biased differential protection, restricted ground fault protection and distance protection schemes, where it is not possible to easily identify the elass of accuracy, the accuracy limit factor and the rated burden of the CTs and where a full primary fault current is required to be transformed to the secondary without saturation, to accurately monitor the level of fault and/or unbalance. The type of application tind the relay being used determine the knee point voltage. The knee point voltage and the excitation current of the CTs now form the basic design parameters for such CTs. They are classified as class PS CTs and can be identified by the following characteristics ... 

Using one of the core materials listed in Table D-1, the designer can feel reasonably confident that he or she has made the best choice for a ferrite. Mopermalloy is a ferrite alloy that has nonmagnetic molybdenum mixed with it. The molybdenum acts as a distributed air-gap within the material, which makes the material excellent for dc biased or unipolar applications. Unfortunately, it is only available in toroid core styles, and it typically used for output filter chokes. 

Clinical trials should be designed so as to mirtimise potential sources of bias. It is known that patients can demonstrate a positive response to treatments that they believe will benefit them, even if no pharmaceutical agent has been admrrtistered (the placebo effect ). Similarly, investigators may be biased in their observations by an expectation of particular results. To avoid such bias, blinded trial designs are used. 

The TID design proposed Patterson consists of an alkali metal doped cerwlc cylinder, containing an embedded heater surrounded by a cylindrical collector electrode [100]. The ceramic thermionic emitter is biased at a negative potential with respect to the collector electrode, and it is heated to a surface temperature of 400-800 C, depending on the mode of detection. The response of the detector to different elements depends on the electronic work function of the thermionic surface (i.e., the... 

Hamamatsu, N., Aita, T., Nomiya, Y. et al. (2005) Biased mutation-assembling an efficient method for rapid directed evolution through simultaneous mutation accumulation. Protein Engineering Design Selection, 18, 265-271. 

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