Best, Karl

Chan Sook Cheng contributed Chapters 8 and 9, and has added a dimension to the book which I hope has much extended its usefulness. Will Best contributed Chapter 11, from the standpoint of a practising farmer. I am also most grateful to Ed Goff for his comments and helpful criticism of the dairy section (Chapter 3) and Chapter 5. Helen Browning and Peter North both improved the section on pigs and Karl Barton did the same for poultry. 

The conclusion that the photocurrents are limited by recombination has been verified recently by Karl and Sommer (1971) who also determined the value of the bimolecular electron-hole recombination constant. The shapes of the transients observed in these experiments are similar to those which are characteristic of damaged surface layers (see p. 181). In a similar way many workers have observed non-linear field dependences of the collected charge. In their study of durene, Burshtein and Williams (1977) show that a consideration in terms of Onsager s (1938) theory of geminate surface recombination appears to be unsatisfactory the results are best explained in terms of efficient deep trapping and/or recombination in a narrow region near the illuminated surface. 

The best approach to date to automatic structure solution is the direct method (DM), introduced by Hauptmann,154 Jerome Karle,155 and Isabella Karle,156 and made possible by efficient computer programs, such as MULTAN (Main,15 Germain,158 and Woolfson59) and SHELX... 

Solvent purification has been discussed by many, and recommended procedures have been listed by Kratochvil. Molecular and volatilizable impurities are best measured by gas chromatography, and ionic impiuities by electrical conductivity. The commonest and most troublesome impurity, because of its leveling action, is water it can be measured by the Karl Fischer method (Section 19-8) among others. 

Proponents of this view forget or ignore, I think, the fact that in order to do its work, the market requires its own vast simplifications in treating land (nature) and labor (people) as factors of production (commodities). This, in turn, can and has been profoundly destructive of human communities and of nature. In a sense, the simplification of the scientific forest compounds the simplification of scientific measurement and the simplification made possible by the commercial market for wood. Karl Polanyi s classic, The Great Transformation (Boston Beacon Press, 1957), is still perhaps the best case against pure market logic. 

The Karl Fischer method can be used to measure the moisture contents of many materials besides wood, including solids, liquids, and gases. It gives the best results of any of the standard methods used for measuring wood moisture content (7), but is not practical for large wood samples, particularly those with high moisture contents. 

Usually each reflection forms more than one triplet and each of the triplets may be used for phase determination (estimation). In order to employ all triplets and thus, obtain the best agreement between phase angles that result from different triplets, Karle and Hauptmatf introduced a general expression for phase determination from triplets. This relationship is known today as the tangent formula ... 

Later, a more detailed investigation was performed by Karl Meyer, who summarized the results as follows [9] "From the vitreous humor of cattle eyes a polysaccharide acid of high molecular mass has been obtained... As constituents there have been recognized a uronic acid, an amino sugar... It appears to be a substance unique in higher animals, and may be best compared with some of the specific polysaccharides of bacteria... We propose, for convenience, the name "hyaluronic acid", from hyaloid (vitreous) + uronic acid". 

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH. If acid is added then, within reason, the pH does not fall if base is added, the pH does not rise. Buffers are usually composed of a mixture of weak acids or weak bases and their salts and function best at a pH equal to the pKa of the acid or base involved in the buffer. The equation that predicts the behaviour of buffers is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (named after chemists Lawrence Joseph Henderson and Karl Albert Hasselbalch), and is another vitally important equation worth committing to memory. It is derived as follows, by considering a weak acid that ionises in solution ... 

Depending on the instrument and the reagents, volumetric Karl Fischer titrations require samples that contain at least 1 mg of water and more typically 5-10 mg. Coulometric titrators require samples with at least 30-50 JLg of water. Considerations of sample availability, solubility, and water amounts will dictate which technique is best for a particular drug substance. A chart to help one decide where to start is shown in Figure 5. 

That is exactly what happened two centuries ago in the theory of statistics, with results that continue to confuse textbook authors to this day. Karl Friedrich Gauss is commonly credited with proving that the ordinary mean is the best kind of average because it follows from the normal (or Gaussian ) distribution of errors. But in fact he quite explicitly did the opposite, deciding at the outset what conclusion he wanted to reach and then working out what properties the world would need to have for it to be valid. 

The best known example of chemical communication comes from desert isopods H. reaumuri where the social system and the complex behavioral interactions between family members have been studied over almost 40 years by Karl Eduard Linsenmair... 

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