Benzyl succinate

A large number of trialkylacetic acid esters have been prepared by mixed Kolbe electrolysis of ethyl malonates [164]. Crossed-coupling is also used for chain extension. Extension by two carbon atoms is achieved with benzyl succinates [153, 180-182], whereby the purification of the chain extended fatty acid is simphfied by using the benzyl half ester [181a]. 

The fate of toluene and o-xylene in an aquifer contaminated with BTEX was examined by injecting toluene-dj and o-xylene-djo followed by quantification of the label in benzyl succinate and 2-methylbenzene succinate (Reusser et al. 2002) that are established metabolites on the anaerobic pathway for the degradation of toluene and o-xylene. 

Figure 17.11 Sequence of reactions showing the action of benzyl-succinate synthase on m-xylene (after Spormann and Widdel, 2000).

The presence of metabolites determined from laboratory experiments of degradation pathways. Examples include ris-dihydrodi-ols of PAHs in a marine sediment (Li et al. 1996) and of naphthalene in leachate from a contaminated site (Wilson and Madsen 1996) chlorobenzoates from the degradation of PCBs (Flanagan and May 1993) and benzyl succinates from BTEX (Beller et al. 1995). 

The dependence of the glass-transition temperature on the copolymer composition varies with the chemical structure of the comonomer unit. Copolymerization with methyl succinic acid, dimethyl succinic acid, adipic acid, and propanediol results in a decreased glass-transition temperature, whereas copolymerization with benzyl succinic acid and terephthalic acid brings about an increased glass-transition temperature, as shown in Fig. 11. 

Benzyl succinate, 21 Binding competition, 188 Binding studies, 109, 110, 181, 182, 312-321... 

With the availability of a bioprocess to produce succinic acid, interest is developing in succinate esters, as plasticizers having a biocomponent studies on a series of succinates have shown that the performance of di-2-ethylhexyl succinate (DEHS) in PVC is very close to that of DEHA except in permanence, where the volatility losses are greater than those of DEHA [29]. If DEHS becomes available at lower prices and if volatile losses are not important, this material may have some utility as a secondary plasticizer. Another type of succinate ester, butyl benzyl succinate, was also evaluated in flexible PVC flooring and shown to perform as both a fast-fusing plasticizer and a stain-resistant plasticizer [30]. 

Formaldehyde and enantiomeric forms of various p-substitued phenols 7V-tosyl-/-tyrosine (a), 7V-benzoyl-/-tyrosine (b), 7V-p-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl-/-phenylalanine (c), p-hydroxy-benzyl-succinic acid (d), methyl-2-p-hydroxyphenyl-2-succinic acid (e), j3-p-hydroxyphenyl-butyric acid (f) and 7V-methyl, 7V-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-/-menthylamine (g) (XXXIXa-g) were systematically polycondensed both in acidic and basic media. 

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